CONSERVING OF THE RESOURCES
Towards to farms with zero carbon-waste-and water footprint – Part I
- 1 Angel Kanchev” University of Ruse
- 2 Aberon” OOD
- 3 Benaki Phytopatological Institute
- 4 “Angel Kanchev” University of Ruse
Abstract
Agriculture is responsible for large part of the land use and the agricultural productivity increases significantly during the last decades. Important past is the mechanization which leads to a dramatic rise of labour productivity. Improved production techniques, intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides and progress of plant breeding helped to increase the yields. However, excesses use of these inputs has resulted in a variety of problems, such as eutrophication and toxicity. Agricultural production is the main source of several major emissions. Examples are ammonia (NO3). More than 90% comes from agricultural sectors, methane (CH4) and nitrate (NO3-). For these reasons, the study of the agricultural production systems (APS) and their influence on the environment is a major priority. Particularly apple
and apple juice production company was study to find the optimum solution for reduction of carbon emission.
Keywords
References
- Guyot, S.; Le Bourvellec, C.; Marnet, N.; Drilleau, J. F. Procyanidins are the most abundant polyphenols in dessert apples at maturity. Lebensm. –Wiss. u. –Technol. 2002, 35, 289–291.
- Gerard, K. A.; Roberts, J. S. Microwave heating of apple mash to improve Juice yield and quality. Lebensm. –Wiss. u. – Technol. 2004, 37, 551–557.
- Spanos, G. A.; Wrolstad, R. E.; Heatherbell, D. A. Influence of processing and storage on the phenolic composition of apple juice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 1572–1579.
- Downing, D. L. Apple cider. In: Processed apple products. Downing, D. L. (ed.). AVI (Van Nostrand Rheinhold), New York, 1989, 169–188.
- Sanoner, P.; Guyot, S.; Marnet, N.; Molle, D.; Drilleau, J. F. Polyphenol profiles of French cider apple varieties (Malus domestica sp.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 4847–4853.
- Personal communication: Schijvens, E. Agrotechnology and Food Innovations BV, Wageningen University and Research Center, 2005.
- Wiley, R. C.; Binkley, C. R. Applesauce and other canned apple products. In: Processed apple products. Downing, D. L. (ed.). AVI (Van Nostrand Rheinhold), New York, 1989, 215–238.
- Miller, N. J.; Diplock, A. T.; Rice-Evans, C. A. Evaluation of the total antioxidant activity as a marker of the deterioration of apple juice on storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995, 43, 1794–1801.
- Arts, I. C. W.; Sesink, A. L. A.; Faassen Peters, M.; Hollman, P. C. H. The type of sugar moiety is a major determinant of the small intestinal uptake and subsequent biliary excretion of dietary quercetin glycosides. Brit. J Nutr. 2004, 91, 841–847.
- Arts, I. C. W.; van de Putte, B.; Hollman, P. C. H. Catechin contents of foods commonly consumed in the Netherlands. 1. Fruits, Vegetables, Staple foods, and processed foods. J. Agric. Food, Chem. 2000, 48, 1746–1751.
- Dekker, M.; Verkerk. R. Dealing with variability in food production chains: a tool to enhance the sensitivity of epidemiological studies on phytochemicals. Eur. J. Nutr. 2003, 42, 67–72. Hertog, M. G. L.; Hollman, P. C. H.; Katan, M. B.; Kromhout, D. Intake of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids and their determinants in adults in the Netherlands. Nutr. Cancer 1993b, 20, 21–29.
- Hollman, P.; Holst, B.; Kelly, F. J.; Polidori, M. C.; Rice- Evans, C.; Southon, S.; van Vliet, T.; Viña-Ribes, J.; Williamson, G.; Astley. S. B. Bioavailability and metabolism. Mol. Aspects Med. 2002,23, 39–100.