International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Features of the structure of blends obtained by thermomechanical blending of thermoplastic components with different molecular structure are considered. The possibility of formation of structures with different levels of ordering (from heterophase structure with a pronounced boundary between the components to the macrogomogeneous structure with high compatibility of matrix and modifying components) is shown. Under injection of nanosize particles with different chemical composition into the blends, a synergistic effect of simultaneously increasing the parameters of tensile stress-strain and tribotechnical characteristics of items and its resistance to thermal oxidation is achieved. Nanosize particles in the active state perform the function of a physical compatibilizer, forming a cross-linked structure with physical bonds in the volume of the composite. The engineering nanoblends with increased performance parameters have been developed.

This paper describes directions of realization of the multilevel modification principle in materials science and technology of polymer composite materials based on thermoplastics. It is shown that the introduction of nanoscale particles of different structures and production technologies into the composition of the composite makes it possible to transform the structure at various organization levels, which leads to the achievement of a synergistic effect of increasing the parameters of deformation-strength, tribotechnical characteristics and resistance to the action of thermal-oxidative medium. One of the perspective technologies of the nanomodifiers introduction into the composite material is the diffusion treatment of components and products in precursor solutions. Mixture of composite materials with increased parameters of performance characteristics for use in engineering, chemical and mineral resource industries have been developed.

Investigated the mechanisms of interfacial interactions in composite materials based on thermoplastic matrices modified with dispersed particles of silicon and carbon-containing compounds with high energy activity. It was found that the laser treatment of particulate and fibrous particles occurs comprehensive modification of the surface layer, which consists in shaping the development of the morphology of the surface layer and increase its energy. For the modification of thermoplastic matrix including high-viscosity (polyamides, PTFE) prospectively the use of dispersed fragments of carbon fiber (CF) fraction 50-150 microns, subjected to the effects of a short pulse laser, having developed the morphology of the surface layer and the presence of defects through thermal degradation. When using this modifier in an amount of 5-30 wt.% for filling PA6, PA66, PTFE provides increased of parameters deformation and strength characteristics due to the increased mechanical component adhesive interaction at the interface of "matrix-filler". An additional effect is realized in the processing of the surface layer of CF fluoride compounds oligomeric or polymer-oligomeric structure. The modified fluorinated hydrocarbon components fragments CF when laser pulse processing are exposed to the active low molecular weight products ablation, so that the surface layers are formed with a high affinity to the matrix polytetrafluoroethylene. The complex method of modifying CF is effective for highly filled fluoro composites containing 25-35 wt.% of carbon fillers due to the decrease in the probability of formation of cluster structures of the filler particles. Dispersed particles silicate (clay, tripoli, talc) and carbon (graphite, carbon black, shungite) when exposed to laser radiation susceptible to degradation with the formation of nanoscale fragments in a moving layer, thus increasing their activity in the processes of the interfacial interaction in the formation of composites based on oligomeric and polymeric matrices.

The composite materials based on polymer and oligomer blends with different thermodynamic compatibility have been developed. It is shown that for polymer and oligomer blends of products formed as result of the thermogasdynamic synthesis of fluorine-containing compounds, the ability of oligomeric matrix to multiply deformation and alternating transfer is the most important. In polymer-polymer systems formed in a melt by various technologies the most important factor is the structure of the boundary layers determining the parameters of the stress-strain and tribological characteristics of the composites. The effect of physical compatibilization during the introduction of nanoscale metal-containing and carbon-containing particles into the blend compositions has been established. This effect promotes the thermodynamic compatibility and resistance to the action of thermal-oxidative medium on composites.

There were studied mechanisms interfacial interactions in composite systems based on dispersed particles of polymer materials (polyolefins, polyamides, fluorcontaining polymers) and modifiers of various composition and structure in the combination process in the units with intense mechanical action. There were established the effects of formation of products of mechanochemical interaction of active centers of modifiers particles and radical fragments of macromolecules degradation. The obtained results allow changing the technological paradigm of the creation of high-strength and highly filled engineering nanocomposites based on high-molecular matrix.

Are investigated mechanisms and kinetics of structural transformations polymeric substrates and of disperse particles fillers and modifiers exposed defocused laser radiation with energy in the range of 1.5 to 6 J. Installed effect of hardening the thermoplastic matrices (polyolefins, polyamides, of polyesters) when exposed to short laser pulses on a film sample thicknesses of 50-200 microns. The methods of structural analysis (IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, DTA) showed, that the predominant mechanism of manifestation hardening effect is the formation of nano-sized structures in the film sample volume due to leakage of recrystallization processes. When exposed to laser radiation to disperse and fibrous particles of silicates, graphite, schungite, carbon fibers is implementing a complex effect of increasing the dispersion and the formation of advanced morphology of the surface layer with an increase in the proportion of nano-sized fragments whisker and lamellar habitus. When laser irradiation of fibers fragments formed developed morphology of the surface layer, due to the occurrence of thermal degradation processes that lead to the appearance of cracks and of globular indentations. Spectroscopy method of thermally stimulated currents (TSC – spectroscopy) established the effect of changing the energy state of the surface layers of substrates and particulate modifiers, which are characterized by extreme values of magnitude TSC – currents in the temperature range 193-523 K. The combined effect of energy and morphological factors provides the effect of increasing the activity of modifying components subjected to the laser processing. Changing the energy state of the surface layer of the polymer substrate has a beneficial bactericidal effect, increases the effectiveness of antiseptic treatment of medical devices used in medical practice. Are presented examples of the practical use of the established laws when creating polymer composites for metal-polymer systems for various applications.

On the basis of modern concepts of condensed matter physics and quantum physics considered the criteria for inclusion ofdispersed particles of different composition, structure, and technological background to nanomodifiers of polymeric, oligomeric and combined matrices. There were proposed an analytical expression for the evaluation of limiting size of the dispersed particles L₀, which characterizes the manifestation of a particular energy state – nanostate.There was implemented the analysis of experimental and literature data confirming the adequacy of the calculated value of the size of particles in nanostate obtained using relation L₀=230•θ_D^-1/2, where θ_D – Debye temperature. It is shown that the provision of effective modification of macromolecular matrices necessary and sufficient condition is the presence of dispersed particles of different composition and structure of nanoscale structural fragments of the surface layer, which ensure the implementation of synergies through a combination of energy and mechanical factors in the formation of boundary layers of the optimal structure.

There were considered the physical, structural and morphological prerequisites for the realization of the nanostate phenomenon of dispersed particles of condensed matter of different composition, nature and technology for production. It was shown the role of the size factor in the occurrence of the nanostate phenomenon due to the change of the energy parameters of the surface layers of particles that contribute to their effective modifying effect on the high-molecular matrix. Physical models of the formation of a particular energy state of dispersed particles and metallic and non-metallic materials substrates, characterized by the presence of local areas ("charge-mosaic") with a long relaxation time are proposed.It was considered practical application of the nanostate phenomenon when creating high-strength and wear-resistant materials based on thermoplastic matrices (PA6, PTFE, PET), consistent lubricant and lubricating oils, tribological and protective coatings for friction units and metalwares used in mechanical engineering, automotive and mining engineering. It was made the examples of the effective use of developed nanocomposite materials in practice.

The physicochemical and structural aspects of the modification of polymeric materials and fillers, laser exposure to a given intensity. Installed effects transform the morphology of the surface layers of dispersed, semi-finished fiber and membrane to form nano-sized components with increased vigour. Modification of certain process parameters laser that achieve predetermined functional characteristics. It sets the parameters of the effect of a significant increase of strength characteristics of film semi-finished products made of thermoplastic (HDPE, LDPE, PP, PA, PET, PTFE), due to the formation of spherulitic supramolecular structures. The energy parameters of the surface layers of composites, subjected to modification of a short-pulse laser exposure. Installed effect forming electrets structures and nano-relief, providing suppression of unfavorable biochemical processes in the application of products in practice. The results of the use of materials and products subjected to laser modification, engineering and medical practice.

Using methods of spectroscopy of thermally stimulated currents (TSC spectroscopy), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was done of the energy state of dispersed particles of different composition and structure – mineral (tripoli, shungit, clay, mica, silica) and synthetic (ultra dispersed polytetrafluoroethylene, nanodiamonds, silicate glass, metal oxides). There was established the effect of occurrence of the special energy state of dispersed particles, due to the presence of nanoscale components of the structure. There were studied parameters of the energy characteristics of the modifier (value and density of the residual charge, activation energy of the relaxation, time of charge relaxation et al.) depending on the action of technological factors – temperature, mechanical stress, energy flows. The optimal ranges of occurrence of effective modifying action in macromolecular matrices of various types – polymeric, oligomeric, combined. There were proposed technological principles formation of mechanical engineering nanocomposite materials with improved parameters of deformation and strength and tribological characteristics.

There were studied the mechanisms of interfacial processes when combining components of different composition, structure, and molecular weight in disintegrating type high-energy installations. The effects of formation of mechanochemical transformations products due to the flow of physical and chemical processes of interfacial interactions at the place of active centers of combined components were established. There were developed compositions and obtaining technology of composite materials and products containing mechanochemically combined components that cause the realization of synergies enhance the parameters of strength and tribological characteristics. The directions of the practical application of composites with mechanically activated components for the manufacture of tribological purpose products and coatings, which are used in metal-polymer constructions of vehicles and technological equipment.

The preconditions of forming a structural paradox within the existing technological paradigm, which manifests itself in reducing the parameters of strength and tribological characteristics of composite materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene when administered in their composition of fillers and modifiers of different composition and geometry when the content of 15-20 wt. % Established effects of forming the structural conditions derating improved performance due to the formation of cluster structure of the binder particles (PTFE) and the modifier. The effective technological methods to ensure reducing the likelihood of cluster components in the manufacturing process of highly composites with a filler content of 20-35 wt. %. The technology of producing high-strength wear-resistant fluorine composites, 1.5-20 times superior to common parameters analogues produced under the trademarks "Flubon", "Fluvis", "Superfluvis.". We consider the effective use of highly fluorine composites in mechanical engineering, chemical industry and energy.