International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

This paper examines an improved method for calculating the stiffness and strength of a pre-twisted wing for special-purpose aircraft. These wings represent a type of adaptive wing, the development of which is the subject of active research in many industrialized countries due to the pressing need for improved aerodynamic performance. Such wings are intended for use in experimental aircraft to determine the influence of their aerodynamic parameters over a wide range of angles of attack during twisting during takeoff, landing, and, most importantly, during cruising flight for complex missions. For example, during rescue operations in hard-to-reach areas or the use of military aircraft for special defense missions.
Such variable-geometry wings require comprehensive research using modern methods of strength of materials and elasticity theory. In this regard, the problem being solved is one of the main fundamental issues of structural mechanics of special-purpose aircraft.

Green energy (GE) is a type of renewable energy (RE) that is obtained from natural sources that are constantly renewed and do not pollute the environment or do so minimally. The main green energy sources (GES), which are considered the cleanest forms of energy or types of renewable energy sources (RES), are wind, water, sun and earth. While the world, particularly in the most developed countries, has made significant progress in adopting and applying the various forms of green energy (GE), in Georgia this field is in its initial stage and it is not possible to predict when the first major positive developments will be made. Currently, more than 10% of the world’s primary energy consumption comes from green energy (GE) technologies, namely: hydropower with approximately 5.1%, followed by wind power with 2.5%, solar power with 1.5% and other types of green energy with 0.9%. The development of cheap, dominant and fast-growing technologies and the development of cheap, intelligent and smart green energy generators and systems will ensure the increase of all types of green energy (GE) in the future. The paper provides a brief review of the historical development of different types of green energy systems, (GES) with a special focus on the historical development of wind turbines (WT). It also provides an review and analysis of several types of intelligent and smart green energy systems (GES), which include: Internet of Things (IoT), intelligent and smart sensors and other components of systems.

The main sources of green energy (GE), considered as the cleanest forms of energy or types of renewable energy sources (RES), are wind, water, sun, and earth. While the world, particularly in the most developed countries, has made significant progress in adopting and applying the various forms of green energy (GE), in Georgia this field is in its initial stage and it is not possible to predict when the first major positive developments will be made. This paper presents an analysis of total energy supply (TES) and domestic energy production (DEP) in Georgia for the period 2000-2023. The value of the continuous annual growth rate (CAGR) in Georgia for this period for TES is increased by 3.10 [%] and for DEP is decreased by -0,21 [%] and cumulative growth index (CGI) for TES is increased by 201.63 [%] and for DEP is decreased by 95,34 [%].

This article examines the stiffness calculations for a wing pre-twisted relative to its spar. Such wings can be used in experimental aircraft to study changes in their aerodynamic properties during flight testing at various twist angles. Such variable-geometry wings require comprehensive investigation using strength of materials and elasticity theory. This problem is fundamental to the structural mechanics of aircraft.

The main sources of green energy (GE) as the cleanest form of energy or types of renewable energy sources (RES) are: wind, water, sun and earth. And solar energy (SE), which originates from the Sun, is one of the cleanest and most efficient renewable energy sources (RES). While the world, especially in the most developed countries of the world, has advanced far in the application of various forms of green energy (GE), in Georgia this field is in its infancy and it is not possible to predict when the first major positive developments in this field will be made. The paper presents a trend analysis and examples of the use of solar energy (SE) in Georgia currently and with a forecast until 2030. According to the data on the plans of the state authorities (Ministry of Economy and Ministry of Energy of Georgia), the development and use of solar energy (SE) with a plan of 250 MW for 2025 will increase according to the forecast for 2030 to 810 MW, with a CAGR value of 26,51 [%] and to 1330 [MW] in 2040, with a CAGR index of 11,79 [%] for that period. (or app. 5.32 times today’s value). The paper also presents several examples of the use of solar energy (SE) in Georgia in various areas of application.

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are a set of equipment (devices, systems, etc.) and techniques with associated software (software systems and software tools) that have been developed and used for more efficient communication, creation, distribution, storage and management of information. The IDI (ICT Development Index) index is most often used to measure ICT resources, which is defined as a composite index that combines 11 indicators (classified into 3 sub-indices: Access, Use and Skills). Data on values of IDI index has been retrieved from Measuring the Information Society Report (MISR), which since 2008 has been publishing by International Telecommunications Union (ITU). The IDI index for 2017 was determined for 176 countries of the world, with the first on the ranking list was Iceland with IDI2017=8.98 and the last Eritrea with IDI2017=0.96. The mean value of IDI index for 2017 was Avg=5.11, standard deviation was StD=2.22 and coefficient of variation was CoV=43.52. In this paper is given of analysis of IDI (ICT development index) for measuring ICT resources in Georgia. The data were approximated using a 3rd degree polynomial regression model (PRM3) with a correlation coefficient R=0.9964, determination coefficient R^2=0.9928 and adjustment coefficient of determination is AdjR^2=0.9885.

In the knowledge society (KS) and ”Industry 4.0” (I4.0) in the 21st century and today’s rapidly developing world with a large number of important applications, one of the most advanced and growing areas of manufacturing technologies is micro- and nano-machining (traditional and non-traditional) and micro- and nano-aditive manufacturing. Certainly one of the most important technologies of micro and nano machining is micro drilling. Micro-drilling (MD or D) is type of machining (processing) technology used for the drilling of miniaturized parts of small diameter in micro-scale, i.e. diameter in a range of a few microns to several hundred microns. In this paper is given a brief description of the development of micro-drilling process, as well as the basic division of micro-drilling process.

The main sources of green energy (GE), considered as the cleanest forms of energy or types of renewable energy sources (RES), are wind, water, sun, and earth. While the world, particularly in the most developed countries, has made significant progress in adopting and applying the various forms of green energy (GE), in Georgia this field is in its initial stage and it is not possible to predict when the first major positive developments will be made. This paper presents an analysis of total energy supply (TES) in Georgia for the period 2000-2021. The value of the continuous annual growth rate (CAGR) for TES in Georgia for this period is 7.23.

The human development index (HDI) is a statistical composite index for assessing the human development (HD) of a country or region of the world. For 2021, HDI was analyzed for 191 countries of the world (HDR report that was published in 2022). The maximum value of HDI=0.962 was the country of Switzerland, and the minimum value of HDI=0.3385 was the country of South Sudan. The mean value of HDI for all countries of the world in 2021 was AM=0.732. The paper contains an analysis of data of the human development index (HDI) in Georgia with local regions for the period 2000-2021. Based on the HDI index, Georgia was ranked in the Q2 quartile for the period 2000-2021, with CGI=114.25 [%] per year in 2021 compared to 2000 and average annual growth rate (AAGR)=0.74 [%]. The capital Tbilisi had the highest values of the SHDI index in Georgia for the period 2000-2021, so for the regions Adjara, Imereti Racha-Lochkhumi Kv, etc., while the region Mtskheta-Mtianeti has the lowest values of the SHDI index.

The main sources of green energy (GE) as the cleanest form of energy or types of renewable energy sources (RES) are: wind, water, sun and earth. While the world, especially in the most developed countries of the world, has advanced far in the application of various forms of green energy (GE), in Georgia this field is in its infancy and it is not possible to predict when the first major positive developments in this field will be made. The paper presents the forecast and trend analysis of the use of green energy (GE) in Georgia until 2040. According to the data on the plans of the state authorities of Georgia for the development and use of various forms of green energy (GE), the highest forecast growth of the development of these types of energy is expected in the field of wind energy (WE) until 2025 with a value of
CAGR of 154.82 [%].

Aluminum belongs to the group of light metals, which as pure aluminum does not have good enough mechanical properties for most engineering requirements. Therefore, in order to improve the exploitation properties of aluminum, it undergoes an alloying process, where different chemical elements are added to it, each of which has its own different role. Alloying is carried out mostly to increase hardness and tensile strength, then to increase machinability and stiffness, and sometimes toughness and castability. The most important chemical elements used for alloying aluminum are magnesium, copper, silicon, zinc and manganese, while chromium, titanium and iron are used as impurities. This paper presents the parameters of descriptive statistic mechanical properties of aluminum alloys EN AW-6060 (AlMgSi0,5).

In the following work, we present the results from a research of a type of nail with a new form of section, in comparison to the round section that currently used nails have. This new form is similar to an equilateral triangle, the sides of which’ are curves [Reuleaux Triangle]. The body section of this new type of nail has three curves and three edges; his surface SR is with 5.56% larger than the surface SC of a round nail with the same section area. From the experimental research that has been made so far, it was established: (i) because of the larger compaction of the wooden material in the ends of the edges, and of the larger surface, you get a bigger friction force, resulting in a pulling-out force Fto,R that is on average twice as bigger as the pulling-out force Fto,C; (ii) because that the new form of nail has edges, this leads to bigger resistance during the rotating of the joined wooden elements one against another – the moment Mr is on average 60% bigger than the one with elements, joined with a normal nail. These advantages, as well as the use of the existing technology and machines for the production of nails without having to effect any major changes, create the conditions for the application of the new type of nail in construction, furniture production and in the everyday life, for an output of products with larger resistance to external forces. This effect will be especially useful for increasing the residential buildings’ resilience during earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters.