International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

The state of ecosystems is dictated by a number of complex factors. The existence of vegetation that is considered the “lungs” of the life of Earth is due to the presence of sunlight and favorable atmospheric temperature conditions for its existence. The modern anthropogenic activity of humanity exists due to the satisfaction of the necessities for human existence. The technical -scientific revolution is leading to the negative effects upon the ecosystems. These effects are described by the excess accumulation of pollutants in the form of fine dust materials particles suspended in the atmosphere as well as various gaseous substances resulting from anthropogenic activity and leading to variations in the values of atmospheric temperature with a negative impact on the normal state of the environment. A series of studies and environmental centers of research describe the current state of the Earth’s atmosphere with a tendency of the increasing of the average atmospheric temperature as a result of the intensification of the green house effect. Recently, concomitantly with the existence of green house effects, there is a decrease in the temperature of the upper layers of the atmosphere due to of the presence of a erosols of polluting material particles. This can lead to the intensification of the temperature gradients with the frequent results of sud den temperature variations and of the natural cataclysms. The quantitative description of phenomena in nature is a major problem and this study aims to clarify quantitatively how temperature varies and what are the reasons of the variations of the atmospheric temperature by th e application of the laws of physics of physical phenomena. Decreasing of the pollutants in the atmosphere could have a reversible effect by normalizing of the previous atmospheric conditions and by intensifying of the processes of widening green forest spaces in order to reduce the excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This study shows that the increasing the albedo values of the Earth-atmosphere complex system leads to a decrease of the effective temperatures. This decrease is confirmed by the cooling of the upper layers of the atmosphere due to the presence of aerosols in the form of polluting particles suspended in the atmosphere. An important parameter is described in this study which is called latent specific heat. The respective values of the wavelengths of the outgoing longwave radiation emitted by this complex system increase.

The state of the environment is influenced by a series of complex factors as well as by its constituent components. The composition of the components of the environment is undergoing to a variable dynamic process of both proper composition and structure. The anthropogenic activity that has a reference point to ensure the growing demands of the population has a generally negative impact at the current stage upon the state of the climate that comes as a result of the emissions of polluting green house gases as well as polluting particles in the form of aerosols. Consecutive effects with their states in the form of steps are described by a special diagram that can be called the cyclic diagram of anthropogenic activities. This diagram shows the current real representation of the actual state of the Biosphere as well as the measures that could be taken to improve the state of the Biosphere. Human activity creates a stress on the environment. Land, air, and water are inundated with the detrimental effects of industry. Air has received more attention and publicity than land and water in terms of the pollution it suffers. Besides, air pollution at some point affects land and water, either directly or indirectly.

The biosphere as a physical space in which there is life, including human life, is quantitatively characterized by population quantities. The population can be described by certain physical laws in thermodynamic approximation with the application of the notion of entropy. Entropy is a term not only purely physical but also universal. It is a criterion for the description of the evolution and development of the unique Biosphere-Human system. The development of human societies as a part component of the Biosphere is subject to the transformations that are the result of technical developments and the technical-scientific revolution in general. These anthropogenic activities lead to the negative effects upon the Biosphere with the accumulations of pollutants both in the atmosphere and in the system as a whole. The entropy of the Biosphere component as a result of the accumulation of pollutants changes over time. Human physical , ecological and social health is at risk, with the further development of pathological states and human health problems. The entropy of the human component is increasing and the entropy of the Biosphere is decreasing, respectively. The decrease in Biosphere entropy is dictated by the disappear of many species of plants and animals as a consequence of the ecological problem. It is necessary to mention that the steady state and the equilibrium state have different meanings. The steady state is described by a very complex stage under the action of multiple factors with a tendency to stabilize parameters that do not vary over time and the system components “adapt” to these stabilized numerical values such as ambient temperature, pressure and constant amounts of species of animals and plants. The equilibrium state is an idea lized case of the system which from a purely thermodynamic point of view is described by maximum entropy. This paper shows that the human entropy increases at the expense of the decreasing of biosphere entropy, a fact of the universal principle of the conservation of energy. The increase in human entropy results to the instability and risk with self-destructive tendencies unless the steady state is not assured. The mechanisms for the obtaining of the steady state are complex and can be based on some rules and principles at a global level with tendencies to use nontraditional energy sources and of the waste recycling with effects of reducing of the accumulation of pollutants in the atmosphere.

The current state of the unique atmosphere-Earth system is influenced both by the composition of constituent gases in the atmosphere and by the accumulation of polluting gases as a result of human anthropogenic activity. A number of scientific forums have found empirically that the anthropogenic accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to a further increase in the average temperature of the atmosphere due to of the increasing of the green-house effect. The processes of photosynthesis consume amounts of carbon dioxide with the subsequent restoration of the necessary oxygen in the atmosphere. At the current stage, the situation is characterized by a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere due to of its great consumption for the burning of fuels used in various industrial fields. The result of the burning of fuels leads to excessive accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The deforestation processes of the terrestrial surfaces decrease the global process of photosynthesis and respectively the amount of oxygen decreases. Deforestation has another negative effect on the ecosystem in general, such as increasing the albedo values of the Earth’s surface. Ocean water also has albedo values that increase over time due to of the accumulation of carbon dioxide absorbed by ocean water. The albedo values are described by an empirical expression suggested in this study. This empirical expression is based on the heat calorimetric method which includes the amount of solar energy together with the energy supplement accumulated in the atmosphere due to of the anthropogenic activity as well as the thermal emission model of the Earth’s “absolutely black body”. as the result of the increase of the atmospheric temperature due to of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the albedo values are calculated over time and their subsequent increase is ascertained. Finally, knowing the albedo values, the values of the effective temperature of the Earth’s surface are calculated which decreases over time. The linear decrease of the thermal emission energy is demonstrated depending on Earth’s albedo values. It is shown that the degree of darkness (dimming) of Earth depends on more and higher values of the infrared wavelength of the emitted thermal energy.

The problem of study of the atmospheric state with the accumulation of polluting gases in the atmosphere as a result of anthropogenic activity is very actually. One of the major polluting gases at large ratios is carbon dioxide. The recent study aims to obtain a quantitative expression of the variation of the atmospheric temperature as the result of the variations of carbon dioxide con centrations. It is known that the state of the atmospheric gas is described approximately by the model of the ideal gas. As the altitude increases, the gas pressure and the temperature in the troposphere decrease. The adiabatic constant of atmospheric air can be found from the adiabatic equation which is based on the ideal gas model. The natural logarithm of the pressure depending on the natural logarithm of the temperature allows the determination of this adiabatic constant. The obtained result coincides within the limits of the real ones, fact that denotes the correctness of the application of the ideal gas model. The known data of the pressure as a function of height allow to determine the fictive molar mass of the atmospheric gas from the dependence of the natural logarithm of pressure as a function of the a ltitudes and the result of the fictive molar mass coincides within the limits of the real ones. NASA observatories periodically record from the 1980s until now the permanent increase of the average temperature of the atmosphere with a speed of the order of (0,02 oC/year) and of the concomitant increasing of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This fact currently concludes that the increase of global average temperature is influenced by the increase of the concentration of carbon dioxide. These concomitant increases allow to elaborate one empirical expression of the variation of the global average temperature depending on the variation of the carbon dioxide concentration. The obtaining of this empirical expression is based on the equation of state of the ideal gas and also on the adiaba tic equation. The graphical representation of the temperature variation as a function of the concentration variation allows the recalculation of the adia batic constant of the atmospheric air which value is within the limits of the real ones and denotes the validity and correctness of the suggested method. The recalculated values of the temperature variation according to the empirical formula must coincide with the real ones recorded. The coincidence is confirmed by the functional dependence ΔTe = f (ΔT). In order to ascertain the average speed of accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the graph of the dependence ΔC = f (time) is represented which proportionality coefficient is the accumulation speed of order (3,833 mg / m3/ year).

The study of the activities of microeconomic systems always remains a very important task of quantitative description of these systems. The proposal of new methods of study over time takes place in the emergence of new integrative scientific platforms such as econophysics which is a modern platform based on the description of economic phenomena by the application of classical and modern theories of physics. The microeconomic system of goods in general is characterized by the possession of some quantity of good s that is a potential for the revenues generating as the result of customer demands. The quantity of goods evolves over time as if it is a “trajectory” according to the theory of classical mechanics. This trajectory in economic terms is called the trend.
The system “moves” on this trajectory and the movement takes place under the action of the forces acting on the system. This study delimits the following names of the forces acting on the microeconomic system. The first type of the force acting from the customers is called the driving force Fm .For the stable efficient continuation of the system over time, it is necessary both the permanent insurance with goods from the distributors and the payments in the form of salaries and other various taxes, all being expenses that are generally categorized in assets and liabilities. And they will be called in economic terms with a general term friction forces Ffr. These friction forces stop the numerical increase of the revenues in general.
A special case belongs to the movement on a constant trend (case of uniform rectilinear movement). This case occurs when the driving force of customers is equal to all types of resistance force (all types of the payments in the form of various taxes and salaries). It should be noted that when all the free financial resources that come from the sale are all spent on new goods from distributors as well as other taxes and wages then it really seems that the system seems to be “in the rest state” (“does not move”) This is Newton’s first law, the respective speed and the acceleration is zero..
The mechanical conception of the description of the activity of microeconomic systems allows understanding deeply the mechanisms of the generation of bankruptcy as well as the special conditions necessary for income generation by the application of the physics language of Newtonian mechanics movement.

The study of the activities of microeconomic systems always remains a very important task of quantitative description of these systems. The microeconomic system of stocks in general is characterized by the possession of some quantity of stocks that is a potential for the revenues generating as the result of customer demands. The quantity of stocks evolves over time as a “trajectory” according to the theory of classical mechanics. This trajectory in economic terms is called the trend. The system “moves” on this trajectory and the movement takes place under the action of the forces acting on the system. This study delimits the following names of the forces acting on th e microeconomic system. The first type of the force from the customers is called the driving force Fm. For the stable efficient continuation of the system over time, it is necessary both the permanent insurance with stocks from the distributors and the payments in the form of salaries and other various taxes and they will be called in economic terms with a general term friction forces Ffr. These friction forces stop the numerical increase of revenues in general.
A special force called the gravitational econophysical force acts on the system because the system is situated within this econophysical gravitational field that is generated by the customer population itself. This econophysical gravitational field has the maximum possible gravitational acceleration of the order of ≈5.7 for all types of microeconomic systems. The value of g is calculated in this research and finally this conception of gravitational model is validated. The system posses a mass that is called by the suggestion like econophysical mass M. The average value of econophysical mass <M> is calculated in this research. This econophysical mass is nothing else but the gross profit. The product of econophysical mass with the gravitational acceleration is called gravitational force. The opposite for ce is the reaction force R from the support of this trend. The support has the meaning of the supply of new stocks from the distributors. The vectorial sum of all forces is the resultant force that in its turn generates acceleration. If the acceleration exist then the systems moves on th is trend with various slopes. The respective projections of the forces on the x-axis and y – axis on the trend allow calculating the values of accelerations. The obtained results of accelerations are smaller than of gravitational. The analogy of mechanical impulse is the net profit. The instantaneous values of the net profits are various over time depending on the cumulative expenses Ecum and cumulative revenues Rcum. Finally the slopes of
the trend allow observing that the values of accelerations depend on the slopes. Very steep slopes give the value of gravitational acceleration.
The mechanical conception of the description of the activity of microeconomic systems allows understanding deeply the mechanisms of the generation of bankruptcy as well as the special conditions necessary for income generation by the application of the quantitative relations of the theory of Newtonian mechanics.