The importance of agriculture lies in the fact that its organic substances are an irrevocable source of energy without which the existence and everyday life of man and a substantial part of the animal world are impossible. Man, as a higher biosystem, defines the nature and importance of agriculture as a production sector.
The World Commission on Environmental Sustainability (1987: 43) identified sustainability as addressing current needs without compromising on the possibilities of taking the resources of future generations. Although this definition seems sufficiently well formulated, it has about 40 different definitions of the concept of sustainability in the context of policy actions and their implementation throughout the process.
Dynamically developing plant growing continuously sets challenges to the system for training specialists, who have to be able to develop competitive and sustainable agriculture. In the conditions of market economy and various forms of land management, for the development of plant growing are needed managers and executives, who will be able to apply successfully the scientific principles of research, analysis, support and management of cost-effective agricultural production units. The degree programme Plant Growing provides preparation of such specialists. Education in Crop Science and Production offers such kind of training by application of innovation moments such as practical semester and development of integrated project.
Sustainability of agricultural production results in reducing the negative trends caused by both climate change and by incorrectly applied technologies for production, which aims to preserve the resource base and maintaining environmental quality. Soils are conditionally renewable natural resource but practically reconstruct in a very long time. Therefore, in order to preserve them relate to nonrenewable natural resources. At its core, soil, where they are intended for agricultural use are processed to meet the needs of people and thus change their properties. By applying appropriate ways of tillage and use the potential of plant residues, it is possible to control physical properties. There is a misconception and myth that getting high yields in agriculture can be maintained only with the addition of fertilizer and / or water. High investments made at the entrance of the agricultural production can easily be pointless, if the physical properties of soil are suboptimal or even below the critical level.The physical properties of the soil, it is essential for processing and has its mechanical structure. It closely depend on a number of other properties such as bulk density, ability to retain water, porosity, adhesion, resistance, etc., Which play an important role in the processing and to obtain sustainable yields.
We examined a machine for depositing the water storage materials layer by layer while in subsoil soil. As a result of this activity, improve physical and chemical properties of the soil, and yields have tended to increase sustainable. The article justified basic technological parameters of the machine to achieve the best results. The inclusion of such a machine technology for growing crops tasked along with higher yields reduce the negative impact of the processes that lead to soil degradation.
Sowing is the most important of all technological processes and has a serious impact on yields. Failure to observe the basic agro-technical requirements, such as optimum sowing time, proper soil preparation, sowing, sowing depth, etc., leads to irreversible losses. The seed drill, which is a modified version of a factory-made drill for punched wide-row sowing in paired rows. It is part of a machine system used to implement innovative technology in which traditional surface treatment machines are not needed. This requires that a cultivator section be included in its device to prepare the soil at the same time as sowing. Turning the seed drill into a combined machine requires it to check its performance. The inspection was carried out by examining the degree of crushing of the layer, the alignment of the profile of the treated strip and the deviation from the set depth of sowing. Each of these metrics is considered as an optimization parameter involved in three single factor experiments with a single controllable factor in them – machine speed (x).
The tried-and-tested seed drill is a modified version of a factory-made seed drill for punched wide-row sowing in paired rows. Failure to observe basic prerequisites, such as agro-technical time, proper soil preparation, compliance with sowing norms, depth of sowing, etc., leads to irreversible losses in the production of a given crop. The seed drill under investigation is part of a machine system used to implement an innovative technology that does not involve traditional soil cultivation machines. This requires that a cultivator section be included in its device to prepare the soil at the same time as sowing. Turning the seed drill into a combined machine requires it to check its performance. The inspection was carried out by examining the degree of crushing of the layer, the alignment of the profile of the treated strip and the deviation from the set depth of sowing. Each of these metrics is considered as an optimization parameter (𝑥𝑥).
Водата участва във всички физиологични процеси и има изключително важно значение за растежа и развитието на растенията и при формиране на добивите. Поради настъпващите вариации в климата, изразяващи се проява на интензивни валежи, следвани от продължителни сушави периоди, устойчиво развитите на земеделските култури може да се постигне само при ефективно използване на водата. Разгледани са алтернативите за използване на водата, като са определени необходимите количества при различни начини на доставяне на водата.
Производството на земеделска продукция в условията на засушаване и воден дефицит е съпроводено с използване на недостатъчно пълна и достоверна информация. При това възникват задачи, които не са добре структурирани, имат много изходни връзки и практически не се поддават на алгоритмизация. производство на земеделска продукция изисква притежаване на комплексни знания и умения, съобразяване с редица условия на околната среда и пазарната конюнктура. Поради тези причини, обосноваването на необходимостта от усъвършенстване на технологичните процеси от технологична гледна точка е важна стъпка в посока утвърждаване на иновативни решения. Съставена е експертна група, която да оцени ефективността от приложение на усъвършенствани технологични процеси при отглеждане на окопни култури.
Strips tillage machine with simultaneous fertilizing in the depth of processing is examined. The experiments were carried out by standard methods known as the theory of the experiment, at the same time is determined and the optimization task with which to establish the optimum setting of the machine. The results obtained show that the machine corresponds to all requirements, the best results are achieved at a speed of 9,0km / h and a depth of 0,25m.
The technological processes in growing crops follow specific sequence and every diversion from the quality indicators leads to unintended negative consequences. Sowing is a continuation of the pre-sowing soil treatment, which, in its turn, is a continuation of deep ploughing. In conventional farming, a number of advantages of deep ploughing can be lost unless an appropriate pre-sowing soil treatment is applied, followed by laying the seeds in the ground under optimal conditions.
In the cases, when the choice of technology for growing and harvesting row crops, and more specifically, the type of tillage applied, is a result of analysis of physical, mechanical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, a reduced number of soil treatments can be suggested, or, in some cases, even implementing the subsequent technological processes after no till treatment.
A great number of farmers do no not possess the technological set of machinery for implementing innovative technologies. In such cases, the possibility of quick reconstruction of existing machinery, which should be able to operate following different technological sequence. Sowing is the most important of all technological processes and the preparedness of seeders to work in an integrated mode is of extreme importance, so that the can meet the challenge of reduced number of soil treatments.