International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Modern technologies of harvesting sugar beet tops provide solid preliminary cutting and collecting its harvest at the increased altitude and subsequent additional root crops heads cleaning from tops residues on a root. This last operation also defines quality of root crops of beet before their digging up. Objective of this research is improvement quality of root crops heads cleaning from tops remains, by development of interaction theory of flexible cleaning blade with a spherical surface of root crop head. In the theoretical study were used methods of modeling, higher mathematics and theoretical mechanics, as well as programming and carrying out numerical calculations on the PC. As a result of the conducted theoretical research the interaction theory of flexible cleaning blade with a root crop head surface in the course of its cleaning from tops remains is developed. On the basis of the received differential equations of blade movement which is pivotally mounted on the drive shaft with a horizontal axis of rotation, new mathematical dependences which justify basic parameters of this technology process are given.

The article is devoted to the problem of increasing the efficiency of using mobile agricultural aggregates by reducing the impact of their running systems on the soil. The work on the efficiency of the use of mobile agricultural units based on the automobile chassis in agroindustrial production is analyzed, which shows the results of studies on the changes in their designs with the purpose of reducing the harmful influence of chassis running systems on soil. One of the ways to reduce the harmful influence of running systems of mobile agricultural units on Execution of technological operations, both in field conditions and in transport operations while driving along the road Mobile roads. The main ways that will ensure the effective use of the automobile chassis in field conditions and on highways are analyzed. It has been found that the most effective is the equipment of automobile chassis with wide – profile tires with adjustable internal air pressure and a tire – pumping control system, which makes it possible to effectively use the chassis both in the main technological operations (in the field) and in transport operations (on the roads). The influence of the air pressure in the tire of the wheel of the running system of the KrAZ – 6322 automobile chassis and the normal load on the contact area of the tire with the supporting surface and pressure on it is established. To use the automobile chassis for performing agricultural operations in field conditions, it is necessary to equip it with wide – profile tires with adjustable internal air pressure and a tire – pumping monitoring system that will reduce the negative impact on the soil of the mobile agricultural unit and expand the list of technological operations on which it can be used.

Since the tractor is the main energy source in agriculture, the state with highly developed agrarian production, tractor and agricultural machine building should have a fairly clear and consistent policy in the field of organizing the production and supply to agricultural producers of a wide range of tractors for various purposes. Such a policy is based on the type of mobile energy resources, i.e. tractors, based on a deep analysis and study of the volume of agricultural production, the needs for mechanized technologies, the theory of the operation of agricultural machines, the overall assessment of the development of high-tech agriculture. The purpose of this study is to develop theoretical bases for calculating the type of agricultural tractors based on an optimization of technical and economic analysis, taking into account the need for a qualitative and timely implementation of the entire closed set of works in agricultural production. During the research methods of machine use in agriculture, higher mathematics, economics, compilation of programs and numerical calculations on PC were used. The results of the study showed that the classification of tractors should be carried out not according to traction power (as is done in most countries of the world), but by the nominal traction force developed by them. It has been established that this gives a more accurate representation of the operational properties of an energy tool, which in turn allows for the very accurate and correct selection of complexes of appropriate agricultural machinery and implements for its effective operation. The presented theoretical approaches allow to determine with a high degree of accuracy the type of agricultural tractors for any country.

One of the most acute problems in the effective use of small-sized agricultural machinery, in particular, motor blocks, is the stabilization of their rectilinear motion on the slopes work. The purpose of this study is to increase the stabilizing moment of the motor block, by theoretically justifying its movement across the slope with a stabilizing device. The research uses modeling methods, theoretical mechanics and higher mathematics. As a result of the theoretical study, the conditions for the balance of the running wheels of the aggregate in the structure of the motor block and the agricultural implement when moving along the slope surface, as well as the traction of the wheels with the soil, are determined, taking into account the lateral force leading this unit down the slope. At the same time, as a stabilizing device, a micro-tiller is used, which makes it possible to pre-make a stabilizing groove for the wheels of the motor block. Further, using the developed power circuit, analytical expressions are compiled that allow us to numerically determine the structural and power parameters of a given aggregate, allowing it to stabilize its steady motion when working on a slope.

The physical and mechanical properties of soil change dynamically following each tillage and rainfall. Some of the more important ones are bulk density, (g cm⁻³), hydraulic conductivity in soils, saturated with water, (cm day⁻¹), the rainfall curve, the temperature (^оС) and the capacities of soil to retain water at saturation point (cm³ cm⁻³). Theoretically, only the upper 30 cm of soil layer experience change in the physical and mechanical properties, caused by tillage. The actual depth of the changes in the soil depends on the production technology selected. Various types of tillage are applied worldwide, corresponding to the level of development of socio-economic formations and of the production technologies. In Bulgaria, the traditional annual ploughing of soil is applied, including on slopes, giving a prerequisite for the subsequent negative consequences, such as activation of erosion processes and degradation.

Production of hydroponic green fodder is an important task of agriculture, which in developed countries is given enough attention. Currently, the world’s developed a considerable number of various designs installations for the production of hydroponic products, but the main working body of these installations are trays in which the cultivation of hydroponic green fodder, as one of the most simple, but fairly effective devices for seeding, cultivation and the ready products. Due to the fact that each of the trays used for these purposes is a resilient structure which is under the influence of considerable forces and bending moments, to design it requires fairly accurate preliminary and final strength calculations. The aim of this study is to develop guidelines on the calculation theory of plant trays strength for the production of hydroponic green fodder. The study used modeling techniques, higher mathematics, mechanics of materials and structures, in particular the theory of elasticity of plates and shells, as well as the methods of calculation and programming on a PC.

The study built a mechanical model and the design of the tray scheme, defined analytical expressions to change the maximum and calculated moments in his dangerous sections and constructed diagrams of bending and torque. Further graphs of changes in the safety margin of the tray frame, depending on the area of seed tube parameters and from which it is made. These charts should be used for the calculation and control of the results. A new theory can be used in calculating the strength of similar containers, which are used in the mechanization of agricultural production

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the soil tillage unit based on a new modular power machine of variable traction class. It includes the universal tractor of drawbar category 1.4 (2.0) and technological unit as an additional bridge, having active drive wheels from synchronous PTO-shaft of the tractor. The new modular power facility with experienced five-part plow has been investigated in wheat stubble plowing. Obtained operational and technological parameters are compared with the same regulatory parameters of the tillage unit as part of a tractor of class 1,4 and a three-part plow. It is found that the performance of a new replaceable unit is 1.9 times higher and the specific fuel consumption is 27.5% less in comparison with the standard unit.
Special laboratory and field experimental studies established the degree of influence of the wheels on the process of compaction of different initial moisture content (12.8…20.8%) after the passage of the wheels of the front and rear axles of the tractor of class 1,4.

Soil and water resources, used for the needs of farming production are strategically important on a regional, national and global scale. One of these resources – soils, has an extremely long recovery period, hence it is assumed practically unrecoverable. The second resource – water, has the property of not being wasted in nature; in fact, it only changes its physical state, and is purified if in movement. At the same time, due to considerably short-sighted human activity, a process of aeration sets over already fertile arable land, precipitation changes location, as well as intensity.

Analysing strengths and weaknesses of applying technological processes in farming, especially in the conditions of prolonged droughts and changing climate, will be crucial to making the right decisions, concerning the development of farming production technologies. But mere analyses, no matter how detailed and accurate they are, will be useless without the next step-planning.
Therefore, applying SWOT analysis as a tool can help the awareness of guidelines and failures during the strategic planning for the usage of these irreplaceable natural resources.

An analytical study is related to giving proof and selection of the optimal parameters for the units, consisting of a tractor and a tractor-driven sugar beet harvesting machine. A mathematical model is built on the basis of this study and describes the conditions for effective attachment and give opportunity for determination of the working speed and productivity. The calculations allow finding the optimal parameters of the mentioned above aggregates in relation to productivity and energy consumption.

В резултат на многогодишното използване на почвите за производство на растителна продукция и прилагането на някои неподходящи практики като изгаряне на растителните остатъци, използване на тежки енергонаситени машини в периоди на повишена влажност на почвата, многократното и неконтролирано преминаване на машинотракторните агрегати по повърхността и, ежегодното изораване само на определена дълбочина, обработване на почвата по посока на склона, а като добавка и промените в климата, основно изразяващи се в редуване на екстремни валежи и продължителни сушави периоди, деградират земеделските земи. Около 50% от тях остават за 5-6 месеца без растителна покривка и това неминуемо води до трайно влошаване на свойствата им. Първо се влошават физико-механичните свойства, на почвите, следвани от влошаване на химичните и биологични такива. Насърчаване прилагането на технологии за опазване на почвите могат да спомогнат за решаване на редица проблеми, свързани с деградирането им.

Production of bulbs from flower crops is one of the most dynamic sectors in specific farming systems. Due to their intensive nature, a rapid change in growing conditions, as they tend to change more quickly than other traditional Bulgarian agricultural crops. To implement specialized farming systems the following important conditions must be available: – the availability of highly specialized staff, familiar with specific biological and physiological characteristics of flower crops, with growing technologies, harvesting, storagе and accelerated production of flowers; – the existence of universal and specialized machines and equipment; – аn environment оф propagation and storage, incl. laboratory facilities and outdoor production areas.