The article, based on research into the impact of military operations on agricultural soils, provides a technology for the reclamation of explosion craters.
The article presents, based on research into the impact of military operations on agricultural soils, the design of a flexible screw sectional working body, which will allow to increase the functional and operational characteristics of screw conveyors during the disposal of the removed contaminated soil layer. For the research, an experimental setup was developed and manufactured, with the help of which the torque on the drive of the flexible screw conveyor was determined. Based on the results of the research, graphical dependences of the change in the value of the torque Т on the frequency of rotation of the drive shaft of the working body n, on the radius of curvature Rк of the technological line and on the height h of movement when the technological line is completely filled with loose cleaned damaged soil from the middle of the crater are constructed. The obtained research results make it possible to choose the optimal design, kinematic and technological parameters of the developed screw sectional working body for transporting loose cleaned damaged soil from the middle of the crater.
The article presents a general view of the working body for cleaning the damaged soil layer inside the crater. In order to select an excavator to which the developed working body is attached, and to determine the requirements for the engine, transmission and fuel consumption, a calculation of the energy intensity of cleaning one cubic meter of contaminated damaged soil layer was carried out.
An experimental setup was developed and manufactured to study a conveyor with a blade working body, which will improve the functional and operational characteristics of conveyors. When conducting a multifactorial experiment to determine the damage to grain material by the blade working body of the conveyor, the variable factors were: the diameter of the casing D, the conveyor loading coefficient ψ, and the rotation frequency of the blade working body n. Based on the results of experimental studies, corresponding regression equations and response surfaces were constructed to establish the influence of controlled factors on the damage to grain materials.
The article presents the construction of a flexible sectional screw working body, the use of which allows to improve the performance of flexible screw conveyors with low material consumption of the working body, which reduces energy costs for the transportation process. Based on the results of static experimental studies, the nature of the change in the dependence of torque on the angle of twist of individual sections has been established.
An experimental model of a safety clutch has been developed and manufactured, which will improve the efficiency of screw conveyors by increasing the axial displacement of the driven half-clutch with a jammed working body, while reducing dynamic loads during overload. When conducting a multifactorial experiment to determine the moment of operation T of the safety clutch of a screw conveyor, the variable factors were the angle of inclination of the working body to the horizon α, the rotation frequency of the screw working body n, and the time of increase in the resistance moment То. Based on the results of experimental studies, corresponding regression equations, response surfaces, and their two-dimensional cross-sections were constructed to establish the influence of controlled factors on the moment of operation of the safety clutch under extreme operating conditions. The obtained regression equation can be used to determine the moment of clutch engagement during the transportation of bulk and lump agricultural materials by a screw conveyor.
The article studies and analyzes the impact of armed aggression and hostilities on soil cover, in particular, damage and destruction of fertile soil as a result of the detonation of various explosives (missiles, bombs, artillery shells, etc.). It has been established that as a result of rocket and artillery shelling, the fields are covered with craters from the explosions of shells, mines, and rockets. The craters are of different diameters and depths. The soil remaining at the impact site is turbulized, subject to dynamic compaction, and contains numerous metal fragments with residues of explosive toxic substances, which means that the physical properties of the soil deteriorate, the particle size distribution changes, and the soil is compacted and disintegrated due to a decrease in the content of agronomically valuable fractions, etc. Based on research on the impact of military operations on agricultural soils, the following technology for reclamation of explosion craters was developed.
The key problem in the technological process of harvesting any root crops is the removal and harvesting of tops from their heads on the root. Root crop tops are a valuable product, such as a source of animal feed, green fertiliser, and a suitable raw material for biogas production, and therefore a prerequisite for harvesting them is to completely cut off all the green mass from the heads, collect it in a vehicle and transport it to the place of use. The main thing is to ensure that root crops do not have green plant residues on their heads, that the heads themselves are not damaged and that they are not knocked out of the soil. The purpose of this study is to develop and test in production conditions a new combined unit for harvesting root crop tops using an integrated arable wheeled tractor. This study used the methods of machine use in crop production, methods of experimental research and field testing of agricultural machines and evaluation of their performance indicators. As a result of the study, a new design and technological scheme for harvesting root crop tops using an integrated arable wheeled tractor of traction class 3 was developed and substantiated. The developed and tested unit performs the technological process steadily and has sufficiently high quality indicators of the tops harvesting. Thus, when using a three-row version of the tops harvesting unit, the amount of cut tops is about 95…98%. The degree of damage to the heads of root crops does not exceed the norms established by agricultural requirements (no more than 5%). However, during the operation of this tops harvester, there is too high a percentage (60…65%) of grinding of tops leaves during its continuous cutting and loading without spear.
The article presents the design of a finger safety clutch with axial withdrawal of a jammed screw to remove it from the overload zone. The theoretical dependences of determining the change in torque during the operation of the finger safety clutch on the angle of relative rotation of the half couplings and the design and technological parameters of the engagement elements are presented. On the basis of force and kinetostatic analysis of the coupling, the nature and magnitude of the change in their torque at all stages of relative rotation of the coupling halves were determined. The developed and manufactured prototypes of the finger safety coupling made it possible to conduct a set of experimental studies. For the safety clutch of a screw conveyor, based on the analysis of theoretical and experimental test data, the adequacy of theoretical calculations and actual values of torques during the mechanism operation was compared.
The article presents a scheme of a new combined screw conveyor, which makes it possible to improve the performance of conveyors. To eliminate the identified disadvantages in the operation of flexible screw conveyors, new types of sectional working bodies hinged to each other have been developed, which will increase the reliability and durability of conveyors.
The article analyzes the dynamics of moisture content of the chernozem soil and the accumulation of productive moisture reserves in its thickness based on the data set from 1947 to 2022. Changes in the moisture regime within the periodically flushing water regime of the central part of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine are analyzed. The central Forest-Steppe zone is characterized by a periodically flushing water regime, when an average of 165 mm of moisture accumulates in the meter thick chernozem, and therefore tends to the values of the moisture reserve under the non-flushing water regime, which exceeds its value by 25 mm, which is a stable trend of aridization of soil conditions in the spring. In the current climatic conditions of the central part of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe, a regime of black soil moisture has been formed in the long-term time interval, which, under the influence of agrotechnical influences, cannot be shifted beyond the parameters of the non-flushing or periodically flushing water regime in the agrocenosis. The process of self-regulation of the Forest-Steppe zone’s resistance to active aridization and the Steppe’s “advance” on the Forest-Steppe is manifested.
The article presents an analysis of the impact of armed aggression and military operations on soil cover, in particular, damage and chemical contamination. It shows the approaches most commonly used when sampling bombed soil, provides possible levels of contamination of agricultural land, and suggests measures for the use of such land depending on the level of chemical contamination.