NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
New Zealand and small pacific states towards US-China global contest
- 1 Faculty of Political Science and Public Administration, Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland
Abstract
In the presented research, the theoretical basis is constructivism and critical geopolitics. In the face of the intensifying US-Chinese rivalry, the main theater of which is the Pacific, the question arises about New Zealand’s position of other small and micro states in the Pacific towards this rivalry. While trying to understand what policies are pursued by the states of this Pacific region in the face of the American-Chinese rivalry, a deep dichotomy and ambivalence of attitudes among small states were noticed. At the same time, it was indicated that it is cultural factors and language, mental and consciousness processes that have a profound impact on shaping the policy of states within the framework set by geopolitics.
Keywords
References
- Osterhammel J., Historia XIX wieku. Przeobrażenie świata,Poznań 2020.
- Grabowski M., Wiek Pacyfiku – polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec regionu Azji i Pacyfiku po roku 1989, Kraków 2012, p. 13-14.
- Roy E. I., New Zealand housing crisis: just 47 ‘affordable’ homes built in six months, „The Guardian” 28.01.2019, Internet: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/28/new-zealand-housing-crisis-just-47-affordable-homes-built-in-six-months, dostęp: 07.032021.
- Hartcher P., Why Malcolm Turnbull says China won’t get what it wants, „The Sunday Morning Herald”, 13.06.2016, Internet: https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/why-malcolm-turnbull-says-china-wont-get-what-it-wants-20160613-gphuro.html.
- Lasoń M., Polityka obronna i bezpieczeństwa narodowego Nowej Zelandii w XXI w. Pomiędzy pragmatyzmem a minimalizmem. Kraków 2018.
- Wałdoch M., Bliskie antypody. Relacje polsko-nowozelandzkie w procesach globalizacji i dywersyfikacji świata, Bydgoszcz 2020, p. 334.
- China's Xi allowed to remain 'president for life' as term limits removed, 11.03.2018, Internet: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-43361276, dostęp: 10.04.2021.
- Bartosiak J., Pacyfik i Eurazja. O wojnie, Warszawa 2016, p. 330-342.
- Allison G,, Blackwill R. D., Wayne A., Chiny, Stany Zjednoczone i świat w oczach wielkiego mistrza Lee Kuan Yewa, przekł. H. Bińczyk, Warszawa 2020, p. 54-55.
- Kissinger H., O Chinach, przekł. M. Komorowska, Wołowiec 2017.
- Mainardi B., Yes, China Has the World’s Largest Navy. That Matters Less Thank You Might Think, „The Diplomat” 07.04.2021, Internet: https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/yes-china-has-the-worlds-largest-navy-that-matters-less-than-you-might-think/
- Brzeziński Z., Wielka szachownica, przekł. T. Wyżyński, Warszawa 1999, p. 36-37.
- Sykulski L., Geopolityka. Skrypt dla początkujących, Częstochowa 2014, p. 20.
- p. 36
- p. 37
- Valori G. E., President Xi Jinping’s diplomacy doctrine, „Modern Diplomacy” 11.09.2021, Internet: https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2019/09/11/president-xi-jinpings-diplomacy-doctrine/
- Posner M., Weiqi: The game that holds China's key to world domination, „The Globe and Mail” 10.06.2011, Internet: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/munk-debates/weiqi-the-game-that-holds-chinas-key-to-world-domination/article598664/, dostęp: 07.02.2021.
- Mcdonald J., New Zealand Steps into Australia-China Dispute, „The Diplomat” 08.02.2021, Internet: https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/new-zealand-steps-into-australia-china-dispute/, dostęp: 09.02.2021.
- Silver L., Devlin K., Huang Ch., Large Majorities Say China Does Not Respect the Personal Freedoms of its People. Unfavorable views of China also hover near historic highs in most of the 17 advanced economies surveyed, s. 4.7, Internet: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/30/global-views-china-spring-2021-acknowledgments/, dostęp: 08.07.2021.
- Wallis J., Powles A., Australia and New Zealand in the Pacific Islands: Ambiguous Allies?, „The Centre of Gravity Series” 2018, October, Internet: http://sdsc.bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/atta chments/2018-10/cog_43_web.pdf .
- Zhu Z., Interpreting China’s „Wolf-Warrior Diplomacy”, „Pacific Forum” 14.05.2020, Internet: https://pacforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/20200514_PacNet_26.pdf.
- Wałdoch M., Bliskie antypody…, p. 330.
- Wendt A., Społeczna teoria stosunków międzynarodowych, trans. W. Derczyński, Warszawa 2008, s. 260-275.
- Steff R., Dodd-Parr F., Examining the immanent dilemma of small states in the Asia-Pacific: the strategic triangle between New Zealand, the US and China…, s. 91.
- Zhu Z., China’s New Diplomacy: Rationale, Strategies and Significance, Routledge 2016.
- Andrew C., Mitrochin W., Archiwum Mitrochina II. KGB i świat, przeł. K. Bażyńska-Chojnacka, P. Chojnacki, Poznań 2006.
- Andrew C., Mitrochin W., Archiwum Mitrochina II. KGB i świat....
- Rao S., Shifting Geopolitics of the Pacific Islands: From Obscurity to Centrality, „The Geopolitics”, 01.11.2020, Internet: https://thegeopolitics.com/shifting-geopolitics-of-the-pacific-islands-from-obscurity-to-centrality/, dostęp: 16.06.2021.
- Allison G., Skazani na wojnę? Czy Ameryka i Chiny unikną pułapki Tukidydesa?..., p. 44-45.