Industry 4.0
Vol. 10 (2025), Issue 1

Table of Contents

  • TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS OF “INDUSTRY 4.0”

    • Approach of Artificial Intelligence to accelerate FEM simulations Olga Karakostopulo

      pg(s) 3-6

      FEM Simulation is widely used in engineering practice. The use in small and medium-sized companies is partially limited due to the high workload and the time required for the simulation calculations. In recent years, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been increasingly adopted, emerging as an exciting and promising area of research. This article presents a methodology for the implementation of artificial intelligence in the simulation process of a part and an assembly. This methodology includes phases to integrate AI into the CAD model preparation process, as well as the definition of contact conditions, fixtured reactions, and external forces. Artificial intelligence can process a large volume of previous calculations, allowing it to analyse and automate these preparation steps AND thus increase the accuracy of simulations.

    • Distributed Task Allocation Based on Hierarchical Interactions in Wasp Colonies

      pg(s) 7-9

      Distributed systems are the fundamental building blocks of today’s internet and cloud data centers. Applications running on these systems are divided into multiple tasks, which are executed in parallel across different nodes. A key aspect of these systems is task allocation, or load balancing, which involves distributing tasks among the compute nodes. The performance of the application and the utilization of system resources heavily depend on the task allocation algorithm. In this paper, we address the task allocation problem in distributed systems where each node is connected to several neighbouring nodes, forming a graph-like structure. We propose a distributed task allocation algorithm inspired by the hierarchical interactions within wasp insect colonies. The key features of our algorithm include its reliance on simple probabilistic rules and a decentralized approach, which eliminates the need for a central coordinator. This makes the algorithm highly robust to failures and scalable. Through simulations, we compare our algorithm with another simple distributed approach and demonstrate its superiority, particularly in cases involving large data transfers. The probabilistic nature of our algorithm leads to fewer task transfers, resulting in more efficient task allocation.

    • Evolution of predictive analysis using GPT OpenAI models

      pg(s) 10-13

      Data analysis, particularly predictive analysis, has seen significant development with the emergence of modern LLMs,
      especially the latest GPT models. Nowadays, Generative AI is a turning point in modern industry. Many new LLMs have been available
      during the last several years, but an essential case is how these models are changing: what is the direction of evolution, and what can we
      expect from Gen AI shortly?
      This study analyses different aspects of the evolution of predictive analysis systems using different LLMs: GPT 3.5 turbo, GPT-4, GPT-
      4o, GPT-4o1 OpenAI GPT o1.
      This report includes comparative studies of predictive analysis for construction structures conducted using a comparative reference
      framework with different GPT models, reaching GPT-4o and GPT o1. The accuracy of the analysis on identical cases is compared. The
      study also compares the cost and performance of the different models. Current research will be useful for scientists, researchers, industry
      engineers, and businesses to estimate the cost and effectiveness of the GenAI solutions that they are going to implement and choose the right
      LLM for their cases and

  • DOMINANT TECHNOLOGIES IN “INDUSTRY 4.0”

    • Simulation-Based Analysis for Optimization of Sterilization Devices in Plasma-Based Ion Implantation Technology

      pg(s) 14-17

      The electric potential distribution is critical in Plasma-Based Ion Implantation (PBII), as it directly influences the energy and spatial distribution of implanted ions. Understanding the effects of key parameters, such as the applied voltage and gas pressure, on the formation of the electric potential distribution is essential for optimizing PBII-based sterilization. In this study, plasma simulations were conducted using PEGASUS (PEGASUS Software Co., Ltd.) to examine variation in the electric potential distribution under different operating conditions. The analysis focused on changes in the electric potential distribution and ion density in response to variations in the applied voltage. The results indicated that, increasing the applied voltage, led to an expansion of the negative potential region to approximately −500 V, highlighting the role of positive ions play a key role in the sterilization process. Furthermore, enclosing non–sample areas with a grounded structure reduced unnecessary plasma generation, potentially improving energy efficiency during sterilization experiments.

    • Electrical and thermal monitoring for remote diagnostics of X-ray generators

      pg(s) 18-20

      Many industries, like the aviation industry and border control, rely on X-ray inspection systems for their security operations. These systems are state of the art complex electromechanical machines that need to be maintained by highly qualified service specialists. The most critical part of each x-ray inspection system is the x-ray generator. In this article, we propose a technique for remote diagnostics based on electrical and thermal telemetry monitoring. We have studied the most important electrical and thermal parameters of various conventional X-ray generators equipped with stationary anode X-ray tubes, up to 300kV acceleration voltage, and their correlation to the operational condition of the generator. The experimental results, obtained in a real operational environment, show that a limited number of monitoring parameters are enough to properly estimate the condition and diagnose some failures in X-ray generators. A simplified physical model, based on electrical and thermal parameters, has been proposed and compared with the results.

    • Measurement comparison between 3D model of the promotional school windmill shaft and two different prototypes made on a 3D printer Ender 3 S1 Plus

      pg(s) 21-24

      Parents bought me a 3D printer three years ago. Many products have already been made on it, for friends and even a teacher who came up with the idea of making a promotional school windmill. A few of our classmates got together to cooperate on this project. Our task was to follow the demanding construction process, from planning to concepts, detailing, planning and production of technical documentation. In this article, I would like to present my work and the knowledge I have acquired through a school project: from conceptualization in the SolidWorks, to the production of a prototype on an Ender 3 S1 Plus machine. The 3D printer will produce the component with two different additive thermoplastic materials, PLA and PETG. If there is any significant difference in the accuracy of manufacturing the component with different materials will be shown by measuring on the Atos Q scanner.

  • BUSINESS & “INDUSTRY 4.0”

    • Increasing the competitiveness of business organizations through reducing energy consumption and effective energy management

      pg(s) 30-33

      Energy efficiency is an important part of the EU’s ambition to transition to a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. Greater energy efficiency will be needed in the future if the EU is to achieve this goal. All sectors of the economy have the potential to contribute to energy efficiency. Consistent energy management helps organisations realise untapped energy efficiency potential. In this way, they will benefit from cost savings and make a significant contribution to protecting the environment and climate by reducing harmful emissions and carbon footprints. This study aims to analyse the potential opportunities for businesses to realise savings, gain competitive advantages and achieve sustainable development and a positive image.

    • The innovation environment in Bulgaria – opportunities and challenges

      pg(s) 34-35

      The paper comments on Bulgaria’s penultimate position in the Global Innovation Index 2024. This position provoked the authors’ scientific interest in analysing the innovation environment in the country. The results of the analysis are considered according to individual indicators of the innovation environment, with the emphasis on the difficulties and problems facing the development of innovations. Innovations are a strategic factor for the development and competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises. On the basis of our own research with managers of industrial enterprises, conclusions about the opportunities and challenges for the development of innovations are formulated.

    • Digitalization, business and digital management systems

      pg(s) 36-39

      Digitalization is essential for improving business processes in today’s business environment. Around the world, the process of business digitalization is considered one of the biggest challenges for the economies of countries, because such a process costs a lot and weighs heavily on business and state budgets. Enterprises can easily adopt new technologies in production processes and at all economic levels thanks to digital technology, which also enables them to dominate markets. The importance of the research topic and the problems that digital management addresses are determined by the speed with which the information, communication and economic domains are developing. Nowadays, the use of digital tools and platforms allows companies to save costs, create competitive business advantages and, most importantly, respond quickly to changes in internal and external environments. Albanian businesses are also in the situation of many businesses challenged by the demands of using new technologies in the implementation of their business processes, both in terms of production and creation, as well as in terms of supply and sales. The increase in demands on the quality of services and products produced on the one hand, and the increase in demands on the speed of service delivery on the other, are recognized as the main indicators in the beginning of the digitalization of businesses in our country. The digitalization of business operations has an impact on the entire business network, considering that all forms of doing business are dependent on the use of digital technologies.
      Therefore, the main purpose of the paper is to examine the digital management system, how it is built and how it serves different enterprises to quickly respond to the market and improve their services. This paper develops and implement a framework to examine how digital systems are managed in contemporary businesses, paying particular attention to how new technologies integrate, operate, and impact resource management and operational effectiveness.

  • SOCIETY & ”INDUSTRY 4.0”