International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

The article deals with the effects of butanol-diesel fuel blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a turbocharged, CRDI 1154HP (85 kW) diesel engine. Load characteristics were taken when running with normal diesel fuel and n-butanol-diesel fuel blends DB1, DB2, DB3, and DB4 possessing 1wt%, 2wt%, 3wt%, and 4wt% of fuel-oxygen at speeds of 1800 and 2500 rpm. The auto-ignition delay increased by 15.5%, burn angle MBF 50 and the combustion ended 7.6% and 6.5% earlier in the cycle, bsfc and engine efficiency were 2.8% and 1.9% higher when using fuel blend DB4 than the respective values of 17.40, 20.90 and 61.20 CADs, 234.4 g/kWh and 0.361 a fully loaded (100%) straight diesel develops at speed of 2500 rpm. The NOx, CO, THC emissions, and smoke decreased by 5.1%, 29.5%, 3.7 times, and 48.1% against the respective values of 1020 ppm, 563 ppm, 260 ppm, and 12.9% a straight diesel develops under these test conditions.

In this research, a survey was conducted in the Republic of Croatia in order to determine energy consumption in agriculture. The survey included collecting data on agricultural machinery based on machine type, fuel used, type of business and arable land type. There were more than 9,000 participants in the survey, of which more than 6,000 family farms. Results are shown on a national level for four land types: arable land, meadows and pastures, olive plantations and vineyards, as well as for three groups of participants: enterprises, family farms, and eco-producers. The last was found to have the lowest energy consumption and emissions on most land types, except on arable land, where all three groups have similar results. Vineyards had the highest emissions per hectare, while meadows and pastures had the lowest.

Growth of the economy and living standards of the population increase the need of people’s and goods transportation by sea, railroads, the air, and highways. As a result, increases the need to use more ships, trains, airplanes, heavy-duty trucks, self-powered machines, city busses, and light-duty passenger cars. Unavoidably increases the demand of the fuel to be consumed, however the natural oil – resources are largely exhausted over hundreds of years. Moreover, the increased consumption of a fossil-origin fuel creates the urgent environment pollution problems and climate change. The automotive air-pollution problem emerged already aim of this article was to
investigate the influence of three-component fuel on the efficiency and emission performance of a diesel engine. The results obtained during the research are presented, which are investigated with a single-cylinder diesel engine “ORUVA F1L511”. The study examines diesel fuel and fuel blends J5Bu5, J5Bu10 and J5Bu15. The results obtained in the study are comparable. Engine load characteristics were recorded at n = 2000 rpm. The study found that the lowest carbon monoxide (CO) emissions (163ppm) were obtained by using J5Bu5 fuel blend. Maximum nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were obtained with the engine running on diesel fuel (1839ppm). The lowest NOx emission was obtained with the engine running on a three-component J5Bu15 fuel blend (1643ppm). The highest opacity was obtained when the engine was fuelled with 100% diesel fuel and at full load.

The dual-fuel combustion of ethanol and two different mixtures of ethanol and gasoline (E85 and E65) in a modified Diesel engine was investigated. With rising alcohol amount, a significant reduction of soot mass and particle count was observed at all operating points. At some load conditions, substituting diesel with ethanol, E65 or E85 led to a reduction of the NOx emissions, however, the real benefit concerning the nitrogen oxides was introduced by the mitigation of the soot-NOx trade-off, allowing higher EGR rates. With regard to the engine efficiency aspect, the results showed a bidirectional behaviour: at low load regimes engine efficiency degraded, whereas combustion became remarkably more efficient at higher engine loads. The measurements showed a high reduction of engine CO2 emissions in all cases, with the reduction being proportional to the alcoholic fuel energy share at the combustion. Ethanol sustainability is discussed based on the case study of an Austrian bio-ethanol producer.

E-mobility is generally regarded as a zero emission. This sentence can only be true in a very small scope, as only in relation to selected parameters and in a very limited its dimension. An example of this is the measurement of CO2 emissions from BEV (battery electric vehicle), which is known to be zero. The situation can change radically if it will be take into account the emissions in the production of electricity that is necessary for the movement of this type of vehicles. This paper presents this problem, taking into account the energy mix in various countries of the European Union. Simulation studies show that there are already countries in the EU in which the operation of electric vehicles makes sense. Especially when it concerns CO2 emissions. Emissions below the standards for 2025 can be obtained there. Unfortunately, in most EU countries, the operation of BEV is associated with an increase (in relation to today) of CO2 emissions. Without the change of energy policy, and in particular the energy mix, the introduction of e-mobility is problematic.

By applying a complex, exact and scientific approach, was performed the development, calculation and analysis of a complex pilot installation (bioenergetics system consisting of the following elements: greenhouse for early vegetation crops, digester and internal combustion engine powered by biogas). Using the factorial experiment, i.e. applying the matrix of influence, a complete optimization of the internal combustion engine was performed in function of the other elements of the installation. An analysis is also made from the aspect of the positive current EU regulations in the field of air pollution.

The article deals with the effects of butanol-diesel fuel blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a turbocharged, CRDI 1154HP (85 kW) diesel engine. Load characteristics were taken when running with normal diesel fuel and n-butanol-diesel fuel blends DB1, DB2, DB3, and DB4 possessing 1wt%, 2wt%, 3wt%, and 4wt% of fuel-oxygen at speeds of 1800 and 2500 rpm. The auto-ignition delay increased by 15.5%, burn angle MBF 50 and the combustion ended 7.6% and 6.5% earlier in the cycle, bsfc and engine efficiency were 2.8% and 1.9% higher when using fuel blend DB4 than the respective values of 17.40, 20.90 and 61.20 CADs, 234.4 g/kWh and 0.361 a fully loaded (100%) straight diesel develops at speed of 2500 rpm. The NOx, CO, THC emissions, and smoke decreased by 5.1%, 29.5%, 3.7 times, and 48.1% against the respective values of 1020 ppm, 563 ppm, 260 ppm, and 12.9% a straight diesel develops under these test conditions.

Paper presents an exhaust gas emission investigation for a high speed turbocharged direct injection diesel engine MAN D0826 LOH15 during the fuel and air mass flow variation. Emission analysis is based on a two measurement sets at two different engine rotational speeds (1500 rpm and 2400 rpm). The analyzed diesel engine operates with a standard diesel fuel. Measured emissions were nitrogen oxides (NO_x), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and soot emissions. Calculated emissions were carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions by using equations from the literature. For the observed diesel engine, much higher NO_x and HC emissions were obtained at the lower engine rotational speed. Soot emission of the analyzed engine, in general, does not have to depend on engine rotational speed. Calculated CO₂ emissions depend primarily on the fuel mass flow and the carbon mass fraction in used fuel.

In nowadays, reducing emissions of the nitrogen oxide (NOx) in diesel engines become a principal goal for the future. The new technology Lean NOx Trap (LNT, is also known like NOx adsorber catalyst (NAC) or NOx Storage and Reduction (NSR) catalyst) can be applied on passenger cars, light and heavy-duty diesel engines to reduce NOx emissions substantially. The NOx emissions are absorbed onto a catalyst during lean engine operation. After the catalyst is saturated, the system is regenerated in short periods of fuel rich operation during which NOx is catalytically reduced. This paper presents a literature review about the function and importance of LNT as the new aftertreatment exhaust system for reducing the NOx emissions of the new generation of diesel engines.

Today, there is a significant interest in alternative energy sources for vehicles, as a result of continuous concern for the environmental impact and for consumption of the primary energy sources, which are limited. Diesel engines present particularly significant emission like nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, hydrocarbons and black smoke. This paper present a literature review on some alternative fuels for diesel engines, as pure plant oil, biodiesel and compressed natural gas, and their impact on diesel engine emissions.