International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

The paper will discuss and analyze the values of ecological and efficient indicators of standard fuels used in marine vehicles, and their negative impact on the surrounding environment. Reasons for the deterioration of environmental indicators, considering the processes that occur in the engine and the properties of the fuel. The paper also discusses environmental and economic indicators by using various fuel additives. Marine internal combustion engines’ most important operational characteristics are reliability, fuel efficiency and environment safety indicators, which depend on complex design and operational factors. One of the most important factors is the quality of diesel fuel. The physical and chemical properties of fuel affect the mixture formation and combustion processes in diesel cylinders, the completeness of the combustion of the fuel mixture, fuel efficiency, the content of harmful substances in engine exhaust gases, fuel supply equipment and cylinder parts – (piston group) and others. The most common way to ensure diesel fuel’s required properties is to bring multifunctional additives into practice. An overview of the most modern diesel fuel additives will be presented based on the results of the patent search, which ensures improved formation of the mixture and complete combustion of fuel, The article will also present information about the chemical composition of additives and the effectiveness of their mechanism of action. Dependence on ignitability and structure of air-fuel mixture is described in the paper. Foreign manufacturers of diesel fuel additives are indicated. Tests conducted on four-stroke high-speed diesel engines made it possible to determine that the use of an additive (“Nagro Boost”) provides a reduction in effective fuel consumption by 3-7% and does not increase harmful effects in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines when the engine operates with load and screw characteristics. A conclusion is made about the perspectives of using these and other additives to increase the fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness of internal combustion engines.

It is very important to know the trends related to the structure and condition of the vehicle fleet, to be able to predict the structure of the vehicle fleet in the future. In Montenegro, it is noticed that there is a constant increase in the number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The share of BEVs in the vehicle fleet of Montenegro is too small to have any significant impact on CO2 emissions as well as the power system. The pandemic COVID-19 virus had a great impact on the number of registered as well as the number of newly registered vehicles. Practically, in 2020, the year of the pandemic, only an increase in the number of BEVs was recorded. It is very worrying that the number of vehicles using diesel fuel is increasing, which can be a complicating factor in efforts to reduce the negative impact of road traffic on the environment.

Damage to the turbocharger of the 8400kW diesel engine, which had operated about 66 640 running hours, has caused off hire of the vessel for 10 days and the turbocharger repair had cost more than half a million euros. The study performed on this work consi sts of evaluating the consequences of the low turbocharger performance on the fuel oil consumption and the reasons for this. Specific data were collected and analysed in order to create an appropriate mathematical model between the studied parameters. Measurements and data collected were performed a month before turbocharger damage and after the TC overhaul (with new cartridge). As results can be concluded that losses in turbocharger performance is very important for the efficient operation of the main engine, they must be monitored and analysed.

The article proposes a fundamentally new design of a resource-saving, anti-erosion unit that significantly improves the quality of soil tillage in cultivating agricultural crops, improves the productivity of the plow, significantly eliminates soil erosion and reduces the fuel consumption of the tractor by reducing the traction resistance.
The construction of the unit and the principle of its operation are described in detail. It can be successfully used both in plain and in mountainous terrain.
Characteristic similarity criteria and a criterion equation for studying the traction force of the proposed unit are obtained and their physical meaning is revealed

The paper presents analysis of heat exchange and fuel consumption in the entire Marine Steam Generator (MSG) with steam reheating and in all of its components. Analysis is performed by using operating parameters from the steam generator exploitation. The highest heat amount transferred from combustion gases is used in the evaporator (48.17 % of the cumulative heat amount transferred in MSG). Proportionally, evaporator uses the highest fuel mass flow of 0.5172 kg/s when compared to other MSG components. In the high-pressure pipeline heat losses amounts 82.64 kW. Cumulative heat transferred from combustion gases to water/steam in all MSG components amounts 42048.47 kW. Cumulative water/steam specific entropy and temperature increase in the entire MSG is 4.5677 kJ/kg·K and 454.18 K, while the fuel mass flow in the entire MSG is equal to 1.0736 kg/s.

The paper presents analysis of industrial gas turbine and its upgrade with heat regenerator. Based on a gas turbine operational data from a thermal power plant (base process) it was investigated advantages and disadvantages of heat regenerator implementation in the gas turbine process. Regenerator efficiencies were varied between 75% and 95%. Heat regenerator causes decrease of gas turbine fuel consumption up to 0.621 kg/s with a simultaneous increase in gas turbine process efficiency up to 10.52%. The main disadvantages of heat regenerator implementation are decrease in turbine cumulative and useful power along with decrease in the cumulative amount of heat released from the process.

On wheeled tractors it is expedient to erect the universal regulators, which can be set on singlemode regulation or multimode one, on the basic of serial multimode regulator 4 UTNM the key diagram, construction and manufacture design of research sample of universal multimode – singlemode regulator were worked out.
The work is directed at raising of fuel economy and lowering of harmful rejections of wheeled tractor when performing transport work by using universal regulator and optimal partial high-speed characteristics under one-mode regulation. Worked out mathematical model of the system “operator-tractor train-road” for investigating of influence of character of proceeding of partial high-speed characteristics of diesel engine on expenditure of fuel and harmful rejections of wheeled tractor.
Investigations, conducted on this model, showed the advantages of one-mode regulation in the cases of work of diesel engine at variable modes. Inclination of partial high-speed characteristics under one-mode regulation essentially didn’t influence on economical and ecological indices of wheeled tractor. By experimental investigations is confirmed the adequacy of mathematical model and checked the efficiency of experimental universal regulator.

Fuel consumption is one of the most important operating characteristics of road vehicles. In operation of road vehicles there we usually express fuel consumption in l/100 km for driving performance, or l/h when the car engine is idling. The fuel consumption can be quantified by several methods, and it affects a number of factors (driver, vehicle, and environment). It can be considered as a posteriori consumption, i.e. operational consumption. The priori fuel consumption (inserted, pre-defined) based on the construction properties of respective engine. Most often it is the priori fuel consumption expressed by measuring the effective consumption, which defines the amount of fuel consumed per unit of effort and time. It is usually quantified at a time when the engine is mounted to the vehicle itself. The contribution presents a practical example of measuring the effective fuel consumption in operation of road vehicles.

The fuel consumption of road vehicles is influenced by many factors. One of them is the acclerator position. Measurment of the fue lconsumption on a rollingstand was done for the quantification of this effect. The tested vehicle was Kia Cee´d with a petrol engine. The measurments were done in laboratory condiditons to give higher accuracy. The results describe the degree of the effect of the accelerator position. They can be used for the determination the position considering to the actual output power of the engine and for the detrmination of the correctly driver behavour. The correctly usage of the accelerator contributes to the reduction of environmental burden of transport.

There are many changes in the automotive industry which leads to improved to safety and reduce fuel consumption. A new design of vehicles are being modernized, reducing aerodynamic resistances and the weight of vehicle units. However it is forgotten about the same time changing and updating the fuel consumption’s tests. The cars are tested with New European Driving Cycle test which based on directive 91/441/EEC (26 June 1991). It’s been 23 years. NEDC was developed at a time when European vehicles were lighter and less powerful. The test offers a stylized pattern for low speed acceleration (a = 0.89 m / s), speed, ride at idle, but temporary increase is much steeper and more dynamic in practice, in part due to the excess capacity of modern engines.

This paper presents a comparison of fuel combustion Polish users registered on the famous automotive’s forum between factory data vehicles selected. As a result, it is hard for drivers to reach the certified values in practice.

The new version of the driving cycle should be more realistic to the everyday use of additional equipment and gadgets that are installed in modern vehicles.