International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

This paper focuses on actual knowledge of the effects of changes in infrastructure on modal split of different transport modes, as well as on knowledge of long-term evolution of modal split in areas with dynamic development of transport systems. Further it focuses on studies on relations between modal split and greenhouse emissions and on studies on social factors influencing travel behaviour. Important part of this article are summarisations of articles about changes of travel behaviour of inhabitants of locations, where was opened new transport infrastructure, with focus on new infrastructure intended for public transport.

The state of the environment is influenced by a series of complex factors as well as by its constituent components. The composition of the components of the environment is undergoing to a variable dynamic process of both proper composition and structure. The anthropogenic activity that has a reference point to ensure the growing demands of the population has a generally negative impact at the current stage upon the state of the climate that comes as a result of the emissions of polluting green house gases as well as polluting particles in the form of aerosols. Consecutive effects with their states in the form of steps are described by a special diagram that can be called the cyclic diagram of anthropogenic activities. This diagram shows the current real representation of the actual state of the Biosphere as well as the measures that could be taken to improve the state of the Biosphere. Human activity creates a stress on the environment. Land, air, and water are inundated with the detrimental effects of industry. Air has received more attention and publicity than land and water in terms of the pollution it suffers. Besides, air pollution at some point affects land and water, either directly or indirectly.

The current state of the unique atmosphere-Earth system is influenced both by the composition of constituent gases in the atmosphere and by the accumulation of polluting gases as a result of human anthropogenic activity. A number of scientific forums have found empirically that the anthropogenic accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to a further increase in the average temperature of the atmosphere due to of the increasing of the green-house effect. The processes of photosynthesis consume amounts of carbon dioxide with the subsequent restoration of the necessary oxygen in the atmosphere. At the current stage, the situation is characterized by a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere due to of its great consumption for the burning of fuels used in various industrial fields. The result of the burning of fuels leads to excessive accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The deforestation processes of the terrestrial surfaces decrease the global process of photosynthesis and respectively the amount of oxygen decreases. Deforestation has another negative effect on the ecosystem in general, such as increasing the albedo values of the Earth’s surface. Ocean water also has albedo values that increase over time due to of the accumulation of carbon dioxide absorbed by ocean water. The albedo values are described by an empirical expression suggested in this study. This empirical expression is based on the heat calorimetric method which includes the amount of solar energy together with the energy supplement accumulated in the atmosphere due to of the anthropogenic activity as well as the thermal emission model of the Earth’s “absolutely black body”. as the result of the increase of the atmospheric temperature due to of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the albedo values are calculated over time and their subsequent increase is ascertained. Finally, knowing the albedo values, the values of the effective temperature of the Earth’s surface are calculated which decreases over time. The linear decrease of the thermal emission energy is demonstrated depending on Earth’s albedo values. It is shown that the degree of darkness (dimming) of Earth depends on more and higher values of the infrared wavelength of the emitted thermal energy.