International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

With the developing food industry applications, the use of gastronorm containers is also increasing rapidly. It is widely used to transport, cook, preserve and serve gastronorm containers and food products. In line with international standards (EN 631-1, EN 631-2, etc.), the production process becomes more complex as the depth of gastronorm containers increases (from 20 mm to 200 mm / 6 different depths) and the process steps increase. Due to the errors arising from the process stages, there is an increase in the number of rejects, and thus energy efficiency is adversely affected. An automatic pressure balancing system design has been developed in accordance with the workflow in gastronorm container manufacturing with deep drawing technology. Providing the elimination of excess pressure steps and heat treatment needed in deep gastronorm containers (sizes and depths respectively: 1/2 200 mm, 1/3 150 mm, 1/3 200 mm, etc.), as well as the unique design of the integrated deburring machine, a significant innovation with industry 4.0 application has been imparted. Thus, in addition to the increase in product quality, it contributed to reducing unit costs by reducing high waste rates below 5%.

The objective of the paper is to analyze pros and cons of different generations from the point of view of their readiness to satisfy the required labor skills criteria for the Industry 4.0 workforce and willingness to participate in the process of upcoming transformation. The basic conclusion is that today´s coexistence of different generations should be transformed into an active and efficient collaboration. In many organizations teams consisting of workers belonging to different generations will be working and in these teams older (or even middle-aged ) colleagues should share their professional know-how and practical experience with younger colleagues and younger members  should use their digital capabilities to achieve common objectives of the organization.

Industry 4.0 (I4.0) provides the framework for a new industrial revolution based on digitalization and networking. This production concept is based on the intelligent connection of mechanical engineering, electronics and software. The development of the I4.0 concept has directly contributed to the development of new technologies and business models as well as new ways of working and thinking. The implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies in the education of engineers is a basic prerequisite for the development of the economy and society. For this reason, university education of production engineers must constantly change and adapt to modern production technologies and systems. The widespread application of new technologies in production practise requires a rapid response from the university community, which is reflected in the introduction of innovations in the traditional education of production engineers. The paper analyses the current curriculum of production engineering studies at the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad (Republic of Serbia, AP of Vojvodina) and the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Srpska) in terms of the requirements and needs of Industry 4.0. Based on the analysis, proposals and guidelines for their innovation were given.

The advent of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, collaborative robotics, the Internet of Things, algorithms and digital work platforms and at the same time a significant increase in the number of people working remotely brings opportunities as well as new challenges and risks in the field of health and safety. Addressing challenges and risks and maximizing opportunities depend on how technologies are used, managed and regulated in the context of social, political and economic trends [1]. This post describes digitization and its use in the field of safety.

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are the core of the Fourth industrial revolution and the Industry 4.0 initiative. They are facing many challenges, addressing them requires attracting and using new methods and techniques from the field of artificial intelligence and big data to make intelligent decisions and perform effective data analysis. Тhe paper presents an analyze of the current trends and challenges in the development of cyber-physical systems and the ever-increasing interest in the methods and approaches of artificial intelligence and its application in the life cycle phases of design, analysis, implementation and maintenance of CPS. There are two aspects that are the focus of attention and analysis: (1) the computing by intelligence and (2) the computing for intelligence. Finally some ideas for using different methods and approaches of artificial intelligence for achieving interoperability and autonomy of CPS are proposed.

In the context of large-scale and diverse forms of international assistance for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine, it is necessary to identify and offer foreign partners a format to support tourism in our country, especially inbound one. A possible proposal is to develop an international program to encourage foreign tourists to come to Ukraine on special tours, which will be partially funded by donor countries. Combining domestic tourist flows with foreign flows of this type is possible through tourist events, especially festivals. In this format, the festival will have significant synergetic potential, as it will be a point of unification of tourist flows in time and space. The experience of international kite festivals as a special form of event tourism is researched. It allowed to summarize certain features of festivals as tourist events. Certain aspects and features proved the complexity of such phenomena as a tourist event, festival event, the complexity of their preparation and conduct, active interaction with socio-economic processes in the territory.

The digital twin (DT) based on CMM as support Industry 4.0, are based on integration of digital product metrology information through metrological identification, application artificial intelligence techniques and generation of global/local inspection plan for coordinate measuring machine (CMM). DT based on CMM has an extremely expressed requirement for digitalization, control, and monitoring of the measurement processes inside Industry 4.0 concept. This paper presents an approach of development DT as one direction information flow based on four levels: (i) mathematical model of the measuring sensor path; (ii) tolerances and geometry of the parts by applying an ontological knowledge base; (iii) the application of AI techniques such as Ants Colony Optimization (ACO) and Genetic lgorithm (GA) to optimize the measurement path, part number of part setup and configuration of the measuring probes; (iv) simulation of measurement path. After simulation of the measurement path and visual checks of collisions, the path sequences are generated in the control data list for appropriate CMM. The experiment was successfully carried out on the example of prismatic part.

Explosive changes in technology are having a significant impact on all industries. Robotics, artificial intelligence, cyber physics systems, cloud computing, IoT and blockchain technology, 5G, nanotechnology, 3D printing are all defining elements of Industry 4.0. The integrated use of these methods enables the perception and display of the external environment, which significantly enables improvements in each industry. In the future, we expect a fusion of physical, digital, and biological technologies, which will provide new opportunities for innovative solutions. The authors of the present study present a future study to predict innovative solutions to key global challenges.

Continuous development of technology brings daily improvements implemented in various processes, systems, machines, tools, or equipment. The development of these technologies is currently most often in the synergy of the Industry 4.0 strategy, which forms a solid foundation for modern industrial practice. In this continuously evolving environment of industrial practice, digital concepts for every manufacturing sector come to the fore. Part of every production sphere is the worker, the person forming part of the production process, who undoubtedly requires the same attention as the production system itself. The ergonomics industry deals with the issue of the humanization of technology in the workplace, where it is necessary to ensure the adaptation of the machine to humans and not by suitable working conditions. The presented article is focused on highlighting and describing the basic connections between the general principles of ergonomics, the principles of modern understanding of ergonomics in digital form, which is rapidly developing in the engineering industry in conjunction with Industry 4.0 strategy for practice. The conclusion of the article provides a general summary of the issue with the ideas of developing the concept of ergonomics software solutions in mechanical engineering. This article was supported by research grants VEGA 1/0431/21 and KEGA 004TUKE-4/2020.

In the last ten years, the development and implementation of robotics, sensor and digital technology in the world from introduced us the third industrial revolution to the fourth industrial revolution. In its development strategy, Germany introduces digital technologies in production processes called “Industry 4.0” in 2011. The German example is followed by the following countries: USA, Great Britain, Sweden, Japan and other. Almost all technologically developed countries strive to introduce advanced technologies into production processes in order to maintain their competitive positions in the market. The implementation of the fourth technological revolution depends on a number of new and innovative technological achievements, i.e., the implementation of patents for the basic technologies of Industry 4.0. It is necessary to integrate production processes in all phases of product development, as well as monitoring during its working life through the use of advanced technologies. When automating production processes, we must include intelligent sensors, intelligent robots and connect everything to the Internet using digital technologies that closely monitor the product development process. It is also required to collect large amounts of data through network communication used during the production process. The paper presents a structural network with all levels for the implementation of Industry 4.0 in the production process of the metal industry.

The IEC-62541 (OPC UA) standard is an important part of the Industry 4.0 reference architecture and is recommended as the only possible communication standard. A particularly important issue that is being addressed is the issue of security. Cyber security is one of the most important challenges for achieving the objectives of the Industry 4.0 initiative and of the associated cyber-physical systems (CPS). The paper analyzes the vulnerability of cyber-attacks and the main threats that threaten the security of OPC UA-based CPS and defines proven and sustainable recommendations for increasing the security of these applications.

Workplace learning supports acquiring knowledge and practical skills also to use up-to-date equipment by formal or informal methods and means and occurs mostly in the workplace. It contributes to learning of employees, employers and the organization as a whole.
As a response to COVID-19 disease, workplace learning had to be changed. Companies need to consider Industry 4.0 to stay competitive in the market. Among the challenges regarding the transformation towards Industry 4.0 are requirements to re-skill the staff for the new work environment by using digital technologies. The staff has to adapt to the workplace transformation brought by digitalization, automation and robotic. So, learning at the workplace should be changed supporting cost-effective delivery modes, easy to access leaning resources, and flexible learning environments. This paper aims to present first some existing forms, benefits and requirements of workplace learning as well as factors that are impacting the workplace and can support to drive a new approach to workplace learning. Second, some learn ing methods
like interdisciplinary experiential ones, reflection as well lifelong learning (LLL) supported by digital technologies are proposed which can be applied within workplace learning.
Results about existing approaches in published papers, including the author ones, as well as of projects in this field have been used.
Recherche has been done by the Study Group Lifelong Learning of the IAT, coordinated by the author. Finally, the methods described in this paper for workplace learning have been tested within an Erasmus+ project with participation of the author. The results should help managers, education responsible, employees to rethink their whole approach to workplace learning: the culture, tools, methods by adopting a new, modern understanding of what it means to learn at work by using digital technologies. The results should be tested also within other projects because due to changed situation during the Covid-19 and after it not all proposed approaches have been applied in optimal conditions. The factors driving workplace learning and the combination of described learning forms described in the paper have not been applied in this form until now.