International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Agrochemical services for agricultural production have one of the main components related to the application of mineral fertilizers to the soil. Therefore, it is an important factor in significantly increasing the yield of crops. At the same time, not only the types of mineral fertilizers used and the dose of their application have a significant impact on the yield, but also the machines and devices that apply them. The Ukrainian Research Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (UNDIMESG) began to study this scientific and technical problem in depth in the middle of the last century. One of the founders of this area of scientific and design activity is rightfully considered to be Candidate of Technical Sciences, Honored Agricultural Engineer of Ukraine, a student of Academician Petro Vasylenko – Sokolov V. M. But from the very beginning of his work at UNDIMESGU, this scientist worked fruitfully in the field of soil cultivation, carefully studying the coulter systems of seeders, active milling cultivators, and developing designs for tractor trailers, including spreaders and distributors of agricultural materials. Later, these developments were used to create mineral fertilizer spreaders, when the institute had already established a scientific laboratory for the application of mineral fertilizers and chemical ameliorants. Since then, the scientific school created by V. Sokolov has successfully researched these processes of agrochemical maintenance, which made it possible to create new theories that are recognized worldwide, to obtain a large number of patents for inventions in Ukraine, and to develop and implement numerous designs of machines for applying mineral fertilizers into mass production. This scientific research and the first design developments that began almost 70 years ago at UNDIMESGU still bear the marks of that thorough approach, when everything that is researched must be implemented in modern high-tech agriculture.

In this work have considered the problems of soil compaction and the main nutrition of plant in the system of precision farming in the conditions of the main grain-sowing regions of Northern Kazakhstan. The specific examples show the condition of the soil, the level of their supply with nitrogen and phosphorus. Technological and technical solutions are proposed for the differentiated use of basic doses of mineral fertilizers and soil decompression

The aim of this work the graphical regularities of the fertilizer pellets outflow through a flattened cone have been considered in an effort to justify the configuration of universal colter spreader which would provide even distribution of the grass and grain seeds, and mineral fertilizer pellets within the soil. It has been determined that to achieve the granular materials’ uniform outflow in the direction transverse to travel speed over the colter spreader surface its elliptical cross-section is required. To this effect the section plane should be directed perpendicular to travel speed, cross over all cone generators at an angle between it and central axis of the latter other than П/2.

The scientific problem of this study is the justification of the expediency of combining the technological operations of sowing cereals and applying the main and starting doses of mineral fertilizers when using a combined machine and tractor unit (aggregate). During the research there were used methods of conducting field experiments using standard equipment. During the planned experiments there were used correlation methods and methods of numerical calculations on a PC. The comparative studies of the quality of barley sowing with basic and modernized fertilizer-sowing units showed the following values of qualitative indicators. So, the coefficient of seed depth variation of the base unit was – 8.2%, and the combined (modernized) unit – 4.7%; The uniformity of seed distribution along the length of the line for the basic unit is – 63.8%, for the modernized unit – 84.9%; Field germination of seeds when sowing the basic unit is 80.4%, modernized – 87.4%. Thus, when using the combined fertilizer-seeding unit, the uniformity of seed distribution along the length of the string will be substantially increased. At the same time, the field germination of seeds will increase, and the coefficient of variation in the depth of seed placement in the furrow will decrease. Based on the results of field experimental studies, an increase in the yield of spring wheat and barley was found in the application of a combined fertilizer-seed aggregate with the simultaneous introduction of a basic fertilizer-seeded fertilizer into the soil and sowing of cereals with the application of a starting dose of mineral fertilizer in comparison with the known schemes of such operations. The obtained results confirm the expediency of combining these technological operations with one pass of the combined machine-tractor unit (aggregate).

The necessity to accurately place the necessary quantity of nutrients relative to the root system of plants requires an intra-soil layer wise application of site-specific fertilizer doses to different depths. To ensure the full nutrition of plants throughout the growing season, a new technology for intrasoil site-specific three-layer application of mineral fertilizers and a cultivator-fertilizer for its implementation are proposed. The traction force of its working body is determined.

The necessity of accurate placement of the required quantity of nutritious elements concerning root system of plants presupposes intra soil layer-by-layer introduction of the differentiated doses of fertilizers on different depths. Meanwhile, phosphoric fertilizers have to be located in a horizontal tape closer to seeds in the moist layer of the soil, the centers of nitrogen fertilizers should be at different depths that will allow roots of plants to get necessary mineral nutrition during different vegetative periods. For providing adequate nutrition of plants during the whole vegetative period a new technology of the intra soil differentiated three-layer introduction of mineral fertilizers is offered and its constructive and technological scheme is substantiated.

The existing sowing systems (SS) of machines for application of fertilizers not fully provide quality of introduction of mineral fertilizers. Unevenness and instability of application of fertilizers reach 20-40% at demanded to 15%. It, first of all, is connected with hygro-scopicity of fertilizers and imperfection of SS. For ensuring necessary quality of distribution of mineral fertilizers across the field at their intra soil differentiated introduction SS, equipped with glow coil of original design. is offered. Pins of the coil are executed in the form of the tetrahedral truncated pyramids located on crossing right and left of screw lines on a coil surface. Flow rate of SS was regulated with the help of the executive mechanism with the linear actuator and a reducer modified for work with the block of control and management accord-ing to the prescription map. Researches were conducted on purpose: estimating of operability of new SS, with the new drive for change of frequency of rotation of the coil; establishments of functional dependences between flow rate of SS, i.e. ability to provide its necessary range of change of doses at the differentiated introduction of fertilizers; estimates of quality of work of experimental SS for the differentiated intro-duction of mineral fertilizers. Researches were carried out as in laboratory, and field conditions. Functional dependence of flow rate of SS on number of turns of coils is received. It is established also that flow rate of SS directly depends on percent of opening of the actuator and frequency of rotation of the sowing coil. It is established that at SS with the three experimental coil devices – unevenness of seeding between devices makes 4.5%. Instability of seeding doesn’t exceed 3%. The maximum values of unevenness of seeding between 3 sowing devices and instability of seeding between replications are received when opening of the actuator was 40%, and frequency of rotation – 22 rpm, which nevertheless, also meet requirements for the sowing systems.