International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

All plastic deformation applied to metallic materials create a metal flow. The main factors affecting metal flow are the friction conditions between the metallic material and the mold. In addition upset forces are closely related to the geometric shapes of the metallic materials that changes deformation rates. It is possible to express the formation rates with mathematical approaches in shaping metallic materials. However obtaining these mathematical approaches can be done with very complex methods. Numerical and analytical expressions are generally used in the mathematical approaches. Some of the approaches applied to obtain more accurate results are slip lines methods, finite elements analysis, finite difference methods and Boundary element methods. In this study the upper bound method was applied for metallic materials. The force-stroke diagrams were obtained by the investigation of deformation energy and friction losses. The analyzed parts were prismatic specimen with arbitrary profiles and the results obtained were supported by graphics.

One of the main problems in the plastic deformation of materials is the determination of the coefficient of friction as well as the subsequent application of the simulation for comparative analysis. However forecasting process and matching between simulation and experimental data is still a problem. Causes of this are factors such as roughness, mechanical properties of the material, chemical composition, etc. which strongly influence the behavior of the material in the simulation of the process.

In this study, an approach is proposed to determine the changeable coefficient of friction in the deformation process experimentally, taking into account implicitly the influence of surface roughness on the friction curves. For the comparative analysis between experiment and simulation of the process, the experimental data for objective assessment was introduced. Nevertheless, there are differences between experiment and simulation, which is most evident in high loads, using lubricants differing from more than 12 units for graphite lubricant, with more than 6 units with oil and with dry friction with 8 units.

High frequency electric resistance welding is one of the most extensively used methods for production of longitudinally welded carbon steel pipes suitable for line pipe, casing and tubing. In this pipe production process, the hot rolled steel strip goes into the continuous cold forming process and its edges are continuously joined by a combination of localized high-frequency electric resistance heating and plastic deformation. The heated edges up to the welding temperature squeezed together at the “Vee” apex by the forge pressure rolls, plastically deformed and a forge type weld is formed. The plastic deformation which is realized under the action of the squeezing rolls caused changes of the microstructure constituents in the bond line and in the heat affected zone and plays principal role on the quality of the welded joint. In this paper microstructure and plasticity of the welded joint were investigated by light microscopy and flattening testing.

The obtained results shows that plastic deformation plays principal role on the microstructure and plasticity of the welded joint.

In the work effect of the rare-earth metals (REM) on structure of the decomposed Mg supersaturated solid solution after hot deformation was investigated. Investigation indicated Mg solid solution decomposition during hot deformation with precipitation of the RErich particles preferably on the Mg grain boundaries and boundaries between originated blocks. Precipitations on the grain and block boundaries prevent recovery, recrystallization, the grain growth, and increase plasticity of alloys.

By using visioplasticity method the velocity field can be determined experimentally, and then the stresses can he obtained analytically from these experimental measurements. That means, strain rates and strains are calculated directly from the velocity field while the stress distribution is calculated from an analytical solution of the equilibrium equations and the constitutive equation relating the stress and strain for the material. This method can also provide detailed data of the pressure distribution on the die surface, which is important in the design of the die profile. In the paper cold forward extrusion through a conical die is illustrated by extruding copper alloy specimens with inscribed grid lines. Stress state distribution in plastic deformation region was analyzed using the visioplasticity method. From the flow lines of each element, the velocity and the strain rates are obtained. Finally, the stress components are calculated from the equilibrium and plasticity equations.