International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

In recent years, information security and data protection have become key factors in ensuring the stability, trust, and continuity of operations in any organization. With the expansion of the process of digitalization and the increasing dependance on information technologies, the need for reliable mechanisms to protect data and prevent cyber threats becomes ever more critical. Security breaches lead not only to significant financial losses but also to serious damage to an organization’s reputation and the trust of its business partners. This paper describes the processes involved in building an effectively functioning information security system and outlines the key aspects of developing an information security policy. The presentation examines the fundamental principles, approaches, and technologies that ensure the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of information. Emphasis is placed on risk analysis, vulnerability assessment, and the implementation of adequate protection measures tailored to the specific organizational structure and its resources.

There are numerous methodological approaches for modelling, numerical analysis and/or simulation of the behaviour of individual systems. However, modelling the interdependencies between task-oriented or dedicated systems (the so-called system of systems) and describing their complex behaviour, necessarily through simulation, is still an unsolved issue.

Risk assessment is a crucial aspect of functional safety. As many of the safety development methods define the development process and applicable procedures based on the required risk reduction (safety level or tolerable hazard rate). System development, including hardware and software development requires special measures to reduce the dangerous effects of random hardware failure as well as systematic developer-made errors that can lead to dangerous situations during operation. This set of measures is known as safety management.
In air traffic management there are international and European legislation and industry-specific standards that mainly focus on software issues. Additionally, general functional safety standards offer more complex hardware and software solutions to achieve the desired level of safety for newly developed systems.
This paper discusses on the risk assessment challenges posed by new, highly automated air traffic control systems. These systems rely on hardware and software components to perform safety-critical control functions without human intervention or human supervision. The paper identifies the relevant legislative entities and compares a domain-specific risk assessment method for air traffic control with widely used general risk assessment methods. An example Air Traffic Control function is analysed according to EUROCAE ED153 (“Guidelines for ANS
Software Safety Assurance”), according to 2017/373/EU (“Commission Implementing Regulation laying down common requirements for providers of air traffic management/air navigation services and other air traffic management network functions and their oversight…”) and in comparison, according to general functional safety standard IEC 61508 (“Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-Related Systems”).

Soil erosion and associated nonpoint pollution pose critical problems affecting the economic welfare, food security, and public health of Albania. Each year nearly 60 million tons of sediment are deposited by Albanian rivers into the Adriatic Sea. Because of favorable natural factors and strong human impact over environment during centuries, area of Albania is characterized with high soil erosion rate. In last decades, faster economic growth of the country and lack of soil resources, fresh water, forests etc., reinforce the need for soil protection and soil conservation. The objective of this paper is to quantify the magnitude of soil erosion and its effects on water quality at three levels of intensity—site-specific, watershed, and nation as a whole and to identify high-risk areas for immediate soil erosion control using a
geographic information system.

Risk assessments are not a one-off action, but there are no formal guidelines on when and how often a risk assessment should be performed. Changing factors affect the risk assessment parameters. The strongest influence of these changes is the probability of an accident. Examining changes in the likelihood of an accident will allow for more accurate planning of periods for checking ri sk factors and assessing risk. In this way, the assessed risk will reflect the changes that have taken place and will lead to more adequate risk management. The analysis of the influence of the changing risk factors is made with the help of a model, which is built on the basis of one asset and the accident scenarios determined for it. The model examines the characteristics of changes in the risk factors for the asset. Th e probability distribution for the random number of changes is determined. The results of the amended conditions are also random. They are expressed in a change in the level of probability of an accident. For these random variables, the main probabilistic characteristics are d etermined and dependencies are derived that can be used for analysis.

There are numerous methodical approaches to model, numerically analyses or/and simulate single systems’ behavior. However, modeling interdependencies between different systems (so called system-of-systems) and to describe their complex behavior, necessarily by simulation, is still an unresolved issue.

The present article outlines the risk factors affecting voyage efficiency in tramp shipping operations. The influence of factors of time and costs parameters is identified. The voyage revenue is formulated and studied according to variances of time and costs elements. For the evaluation of efficiency of voyage operations an approach based on value-at-risk method is proposed and voyage statistics in short sea shipping are studied. The results presented prove the applicability of the method for efficiency evaluation of tramp shipping operations and voyage planning.

Diseases of the support-motor system are the most common reason for work disability. They cause not only personal suffering and loss of income but also represent considerable costs for businesses and the national economies of individual countries. One of the important indicators of the incidence of serious health damage from work is the occurrence of reported diseases from professions and other work-related health damage. Even though the mentioned diseases have a rising tendency, it is possible to avoid them by assessment of work activities, introducing preventive measures and controlling the effectiveness of measures taken. The article presents an example of ergonomic risk assessment for working with loads as a means of prevention.

Economic activity "collection, disposal and treatment of waste water" is especially risky in terms of working conditions. A significant proportion of workers in this activity are regularly exposed to humidity and low temperatures. Particularly significant and causing serious damage to the health of employees impact of materials that can cause infectious diseases. Additional physical and psychological stress has and the fact that employees must comply with stringent quality standards. In order to facilitate the risk assessment process, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – Bilbao (EU-OSHA) has developed a comprehensive user-friendly free web application, OiRA (an interactive risk assessment online tool), which helps micro and small enterprises to perform an overall step-by-step risk assessment – from identifying and assessing risks at work, making and implementing decisions on preventive measures, to continuous monitoring and reporting.