International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

In the world today, Germany could lose its status as a superpower in the automotive industry, and the German Association of the Automotive Industry considers excessive regulation, slow political decisions and the absence of a legal framework for issues such as artificial intelligence as key problems.
From the year 2021, the list of Chinese companies has doubled. China develops electric motor cars and has taken the lead compared to Europe, especially in battery technologies, but also subsidizes their production. At the same time, China became the world’s largest car exporter in 2023 – it exported 4.91 million cars, which is an increase of 57.9% compared to the last year, becoming the world’s first country according to the number of exported cars.
An additional problem for car manufacturers is created by the European Union’s plans to phase out vehicles with internal combustion engines by 2035. There is also a lack of access to the raw materials needed to manufacture batteries and the slow development of electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Nevertheless, during the year 2023, 254 thousand “Tesla” models were sold in Europe, making this car the best-selling car on the continent.
From July 2024, every new car must have the most modern safety systems, having in mind that 20.400 people died on the roads of the European Union in 2023, according to unofficial data (that’s 1% less than in 2022). From July 7, new cars are obliged to have 10 additional safety systems, which will contribute to increasing safety and reducing the number of accidents.
On the territory of Serbia, a license was issued to one company for test driving of automated vehicles, after tests and analysis conducted jointly by the Traffic Safety Agency and the CIAX laboratory of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade. And from
February this year in Serbia, the registration of those interested in state subsidies for the purchase of electric vehicles began and will continue until October. In Kragujevac, from 2024 “Stelantis” will start producing the new “Panda” hybrid. It was announced that it will be called “PANDINA”. And we look forward to its production.

Forests tractors are inseparable part of a forest economy. Forests tractors serve for logging of logs in forests. Current forests tractors are usually equipped by hydraulic arms, which allow to expand the utility of a tractor. A tractor with a hydraulic arm is able to handle with wood logs without a need additional forest machine, which helps to reduce costs. On the other hand, it is necessary to analyse tractors abilities, which has such an additional equipment. This article is focused on assessment of stability of a forest tractor, which is equipped by such a hydraulic arm. It is a newly designed forest tractor which smaller dimensions, which is intended to be used in conditions with requirements for lower contact pressure and better manoeuvrability. As the hydraulic arm changes the centre of gravity of an entire tractor, mainly with the load, safe operation of the tractor needs to know limit conditions of stability under the maximal load and in the given slope inclination.

The usage of electric scooters (e-scooters) has experienced a real expansion in the territory of the Republic of Serbia in recent years. These vehicles represent an easy and simple way of transportation in city conditions, especially on shorter distances. The lack of legislative frameworks for this type of vehicle is the main problem in Serbia. That is why e-scooters are used according to the wishes and needs of users, which very often leads to unsafe situations. Research that includes the risky behaviors of e-scooters users is presented within this paper. The research of e-scooter users was conducted in the area of Novi Sad. The speeds of these vehicles at the selected locations were also measured during research.

The article focuses on the definition of industrial business risks that are associated with risk management. Following the description of the risks, the article then focuses on the elimination of the hazard or the reduction of each of the two criteria that determine the risk in question, such as the severity of the damage caused by the hazard and the likelihood that the damage will occur, separately or simultaneously, are two ways to achieve the purpose of risk reduction. The article is highly relevant to the implementation and development of technical systems and equipment.

The advent of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, collaborative robotics, the Internet of Things, algorithms and digital work platforms and at the same time a significant increase in the number of people working remotely brings opportunities as well as new challenges and risks in the field of health and safety. Addressing challenges and risks and maximizing opportunities depend on how technologies are used, managed and regulated in the context of social, political and economic trends [1]. This post describes digitization and its use in the field of safety.

Today, coastal areas are among the most densely populated and busiest places in the world, with an extremely important economic and social value. With those areas being very intensely exploited, there is a strong possibility of different accidents and catastrophes occurring. Therefore, it is a matter of great importance to implement timely and quality measures to minimize the risk of negative consequences. This research explores the theories of coastal area management and risk management, while focusing on the synthesis of both of them on FSRU terminals. Given the fact that this special type of LNG terminals is becoming more and more present in the coastal areas of the world, this paper implements analysed theories and proposes risk minimising and safety measures for reducing the catastrophe risk with FSFRU terminals and thus contributing to the preservation of the coastal area.

Today, coastal areas are among the most densely populated and busiest places in the world, with an extremely important economic and social value. With those areas being very intensely exploited, there is a strong possibility of different accidents and catastrophes occurring. Therefore, it is a matter of great importance to implement timely and quality measures to minimize the risk of negative consequences. This research explores the theories of coastal area management and risk management, while focusing on the synthesis of both of them on FSRU terminals. Given the fact that this special type of LNG terminals is becoming more and more present in the coastal areas of the world, this paper implements analysed theories and proposes risk minimising and safety measures for reducing the catastrophe risk with FSFRU terminals and thus contributing to the preservation of the coastal area.

Transport infrastructure brings together conventional groundwork and innovative technologies in order to improve various aspects of transport system management and control. It enables anticipatory maintenance, planning and scheduling, resource management and aims to improve reliability and safety, increased capacity and asset utilization, better energy efficiency and lower emissions, higher customer service levels and increased economic feasibility. Transport infrastructures have long service life and great costs of building, manning, operating and maintaining throughout their life. Innovation and technology shifts proved to be important factors determining great changes in infrastructure potential and even determine its obsolescence. It is regarded as a concern throughout infrastructure’s entire life cycle and reflects changes in expectation regarding performances in functioning, safety and environmental effects.
Performance and failure are illustrated conceptually and represented in a simplified form considering the evolution of technology, the influence of innovation breeding new generation rail infrastructure, all the way through infrastructure’s service life.
According to the identified particularities, recommendations are to be made in order to insure a best practice in lifecycle management and transport infrastructure renewal in the context of improved reliability, safety and efficiency.

Industry 4.0 includes the integration of Safety and Security. Their interconnection (influencing) is assumed. Application of control systems within Safety and Security changes the static principle to dynamic, assumes identification of all production and distribution processes, data mobility as a part of BIG DATA technology and human factor activity while ensuring the functionality of relevant applications. Industry Strategy 4.0 requires a proactive approach in risk analysis, based on the implementation of Safety and Security principles in the development and design phase of machines and complex technologies in the context of the use of CPS principles. It is important that rapid responses to the system’s problems are monitored effectively, with simultaneous exchange of information at individual levels in the production process.

The paper is devoted to objectification and determination of the influence of hand-arm vibrations with selected machinery. We permanently meet with vibrations, but especially when performing work activities. When working with machinery, a person is constantly exposed to vibrations and they can very negatively affect the health of the person. The aim of the paper is to compare measured vibration values with the manual of the device and then to determine the maximum time exposure for work activities to avoid the employee being at risk of working with the device. Comparison of a final hand-arm vibration will be assessed by means of the hand-arm exposure calculator and software for a specific measuring device – vibration analyzer of the 4447 type. The proposed method – an extended risk matrix – is used to assess the risks of hand-arm vibration.

Industry 4.0 brings new challenges for the quantitative methods for the evaluation of system dependability properties such as reliability and safety. In this paper, we recall relevant Industry 4.0 and dependability concepts and provide an overview of available reliability and safety metrics and evaluation methods including event trees, fault trees, reliability block diagrams, and more sophisticated dynamic methods based on Markov chain models. The special focus is on the model-based application of these methods. The paper discusses several common MBSE paradigms, such as UML/SysML, AADL, and Simulink, that can be employed in the context of Industry 4.0 and allow automated generation of the dependability evaluation models. Finally, we discuss how the Industry 4.0 increases system complexity, justify what kind of dependability evaluation methods are required, and what limitations we still need to overcome.

The Russian Federation average about 3000 tons of uranium per year from its own mines. Russian uranium mining companies work in Kazakhstan, Canada and other countries either directly or through companies they purchase. Its businesses export fuel in all parts of the world and are getting more stable on the world market despite the sanctions imposed.