International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Tillage is the common practice in crop production, providing a suitable environment for root development. However, many studies suggest that long-term tillage practice affects the deterioration of soil properties. Soil biological indicators can be employed to evaluate the soil changing due to the long-term tillage application. The evaluation of soil biological indicators in the long-term tillage application has not been widely discussed in Hungary. We investigated two types of 19 years of long-term tillage experiments, i.e., conservation tillage, reduced tillage and leaving 30% or more crop residue after harvesting (CT), and conventional tillage, a mouldboard ploughing technique (PT). The soil was sampled thrice during the growing season at 0-5, 10-15, and 20-25 cm depths. The activity of dehydrogenase (DHA), β-glucosidase (BGA), phosphatase (PHA), labile carbon concentration (POXC), and soil water content (SWC) were measured in this investigation. Our results indicated that the tillage system significantly affected the BGA (p<0.001). Meanwhile, soil depth remarkably regulated the DHA (p<0.05). The highest activity of DHA and BGA was identified near the surface layer of CT. In contrast, the PHA was relatively distributed uniformly in all depths, reflecting that this enzyme activity was more dominated by the root effect. Tillage practice notably increases substrate availability, representing the higher POXC concentration in the CT and PT in all soil layers. POXC concurrent with SWC were remarkably associated with DHA (r=0.51, p<0.01), BGA (r=0.29, p<0.05), and PHA (r=0.28, p<0.05). On the other hand, POXC was notably correlated only with the DHA (r=0.46, p<0.01). CT practice also indicated a remarkably positive effect on stem and flower diameter growth.

At the Institute of Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection – Sofia (IPAZR – Sofia) an experimental model of a machine for combined soil treatment in permanent plantations has been developed. The machine is designed to work using technology without turning the soil layer and at the same time at a sufficient depth for fruit plantations. Tests were conducted in laboratory and road conditions to verify the capabilities of the structure. Deficiencies have been identified, as a result of which the work must continue.

The working members of the batch-combined machine for minimum tillage and crop tending are combined into two separate batches. By means of the first batch, there are performed simultaneously tilling and sowing operations, but the second is intended for surface tillage and crop tending. During just one field day, the machine is capable of performing 8…10 agricultural operations, and its working members can work in three modes: 1. Soil loosening without furrow slice overturning, when the main tillage unit (wedge) is in its working condition together with lateral knives (for the eroded soils); 2. Clod furrow slice pulverization and mixing, when the main tillage unit (wedge), lateral knives and rotary tiller are in their working conditions (for the non-eroded soils); 3.Cultivation of humid soils with a partial overturning of furrow slice, when the main tillage unit (wedge), lateral knives and rotary plough (instead of tiller) are in their working conditions. The cost of oil and lubricants and operating time are reduced by 2…2,5 times, and besides, the agrotechnical terms reduce considerably. The design formula for tillage output envisages both broken and unbroken soil strips. This formula can be also used for calculation of the machine output during cultivation, sowing, cutting the irrigation channels and so on. The proposed batch-combined machine can be also considered as energy-saving, resource-saving, environmental and advanced technology.

The objective of this work was to measure the effects of different tillage methods on weeds population in second crop corn. The field experiment was conducted at the research area of Dicle University in 2014, Diyarbakır province, southeastern part of Turkey. The treatment was lay out at the randomized complete blocks design with three times replication. In this study, different six tillage method were applied (one conventional tillage (CT) – four conservation tillage (RT) and no-till (NT)). According to results, there were found significant difference among treatments. The lowest values of weeds were recorded in the CT, while the highest values of weeds were noted in RT1and NT tillage methods. There was found more density the speices of Xanthium strumarium subsp., Solanum nigrum L., Euphorbia helioscopia L., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. than other weed species .As a result, we can consider reduce tillage methods for mechanical weed control for corn production.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the horizontal and vertical force of reversible moldboard plow at various operation depth and speed. A complete randomized block design was used with three replications, the first treatment was tillage depth with three levels 15, 20 25 cm and the second treatment was the forward speed with two levels 3.9, 6.3 km·h-1. The result showed that both forces were increased as increased of tillage depth and speed, however, the operation depth was more effective than speed, on the other hand, the horizontal force was more affected than vertical force by increasing both of depth and speed.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different tillage methods on weeds population in second crop soybean production. The experiment was conducted at the experimental area of Agrıcultural Faculty at Dicle University in 2014. The treatment was lay out at the randomized complete blocks design with three times replication. In this study, different six tillage method were applied (one conventional tillage (CT) – four conservation tillage (RT) and direct sowing (NT)). There were observed more density the species of Xanthium strumarium subsp., Solanum nigrum L., Euphorbia helioscopia L., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers in experimental area than other weed species. According to results, there were found significant difference between treatments. The lowest values of weeds were recorded in the conventional tillage methods (CT), while the highest values of weeds were noted in RT4 Tillage methods and NT. Therefore, conventional tillage method was beneficial and useful in reducing of weeds population on soybean crop.

Sustainability of agricultural production results in reducing the negative trends caused by both climate change and by incorrectly applied technologies for production, which aims to preserve the resource base and maintaining environmental quality. Soils are conditionally renewable natural resource but practically reconstruct in a very long time. Therefore, in order to preserve them relate to nonrenewable natural resources. At its core, soil, where they are intended for agricultural use are processed to meet the needs of people and thus change their properties. By applying appropriate ways of tillage and use the potential of plant residues, it is possible to control physical properties. There is a misconception and myth that getting high yields in agriculture can be maintained only with the addition of fertilizer and / or water. High investments made at the entrance of the agricultural production can easily be pointless, if the physical properties of soil are suboptimal or even below the critical level.The physical properties of the soil, it is essential for processing and has its mechanical structure. It closely depend on a number of other properties such as bulk density, ability to retain water, porosity, adhesion, resistance, etc., Which play an important role in the processing and to obtain sustainable yields.

The physical and mechanical properties of soil change dynamically following each tillage and rainfall. Some of the more important ones are bulk density, (g cm⁻³), hydraulic conductivity in soils, saturated with water, (cm day⁻¹), the rainfall curve, the temperature (^оС) and the capacities of soil to retain water at saturation point (cm³ cm⁻³). Theoretically, only the upper 30 cm of soil layer experience change in the physical and mechanical properties, caused by tillage. The actual depth of the changes in the soil depends on the production technology selected. Various types of tillage are applied worldwide, corresponding to the level of development of socio-economic formations and of the production technologies. In Bulgaria, the traditional annual ploughing of soil is applied, including on slopes, giving a prerequisite for the subsequent negative consequences, such as activation of erosion processes and degradation.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of previous crop residue (wheat vs. lentil), tillage (reduced tillage vs. no-tillage) and nitrogen source (rhizobial inoculant and fertilizer-N application) on nodul formation, dry matter accumulation and seed yield of double crop soybean. The experiment was laid out as split-split plot with three replications. According to results obtained from the study, previous crop residue affected seed yield, and seed yield after cultivation of lentil was higher than after wheat. Nodul nitrogen content decreased at the reduced tillage, while nodule dry matter and seed yield increased compared to no-tillage system. Rhizobium inoculation alone produced the highest seed yield. However, the addition of N-fertilizer to inoculated soybean did not improve seed yields when compared with inoculated only treatment. This research demonstrates that applying rhizobium inoculation in no-tillage system under lentil residue has the potential in increase nodulation and seed yield of soybean grown double-cropping system.

The aim of this study was to compare tillage methods and plant density on yield and yield components of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] grown under main and double cropping systems. The field experiments were carried out at the experimental area of Agricultural Faculty, Dicle University during 2013 and 2014. The experiments were conducted as split-split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with two sowing dates (normal and late) as the main plot, three tillage methods (no-tillage, reduced and conventional) as sub-plot, and three between row spacing (35, 55 and 70 cm) sub-sub plot factor. The experiments were performed in three replications and soybean cultivar Nova (MG III) was used. The combined analysis of the data showed that yield means of reduced tillage (2015.4 kg/ha) and conventional tillage (2036.1 kg ha^-1 ) were significantly different (P>0.01) compared with no-tillage (1881.1 kg/ha). Significant interaction was observed.
among experimental factors. The highest value was obtained at early sowing x conventional tillage x 70×5 cm as of 2206.1 kg ha^-1

In this article is set out energy-saving technology of oilseeds cultivation as minimizing tillage (using erosion control instruments) to ensure rational use of energy, restore soil fertility, which is optimized ecological state agro-ecosystems. The substantiation of improvement of eco-phyto-sanitary condition of crops, depending on the use of rational methods of energy-saving technology, which reduces the total cost of energy for 24,3-32,5%, the volume of fuel consumption, which improves productivity and increases crop yield at 21-29 %.

The working members of the batch-combined machine for minimum tillage and crop tending are combined into two separate batches. By means of the first batch, there are performed simultaneously tilling and sowing operations, but the second is intended for surface tillage and crop tending. During just one field day, the machine is capable of performing 8…10 agricultural operations, and its working members can work in three modes: 1. Soil loosening without furrow slice overturning, when the main tillage unit (wedge) is in its working condition together with lateral knives (for the eroded soils); 2. Clod furrow slice pulverization and mixing, when the main tillage unit (wedge), lateral knives and rotary tiller are in their working conditions (for the non-eroded soils); 3. Cultivation of humid soils with a partial overturning of furrow slice, when the main tillage unit (wedge), lateral knives and rotary plough (instead of tiller) are in their working conditions. The cost of oil and lubricants and operating time are reduced by 2…2,5 times, and besides, the agrotechnical terms reduce considerably. The design formula for tillage output envisages both broken and unbroken soil strips. This formula can be also used for calculation of the machine output during cultivation, sowing, cutting the irrigation channels and so on. The proposed batch-combined machine can be also considered as energy-saving, resource-saving, environmental and advanced technology.