Machines. Technologies. Materials.
Vol. 19 (2025), Issue 7, pg(s) 264-267

MATERIALS

Densification and formation of structure and properties of inconel 625 alloy during direct powder forging

  • 1 Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science National Academy of Science of Ukraine

Abstract

This study investigates the compaction and deformation behavior of Inconel 625 powder using direct powder forging at temperatures of 950 °C and 1150 °C. Finite element modeling was conducted and validated with experimental data. The residual porosity after deformation was 6.5% at 950 °C and 2% at 1150 °C. Samples forged at 1150 °C demonstrated superior mechanical properties, including a bending strength of 1750 MPa and fracture toughness of 42 MPa·m¹ᐟ². In contrast, lower temperature deformation resulted in poorer grain boundary quality and reduced mechanical performance. Post-deformation annealing at 950 °C enhanced microstructural integrity through recrystallization, improving strength to 1540 MPa and toughness to 30.9 MPa·m¹ᐟ². Flow stress at 700 °C ranged from 450 to 650 MPa, confirming the material’s suitability for high-temperature aerospace applications. The findings indicate that 1150 °C is the optimal forging temperature for producing dense, high-strength components from Inconel 625 powder.

Keywords

References

  1. Large, J., & Pesyridis, A. (2019). Investigation of micro gas turbine systems for high speed long loiter tactical unmanned air systems. Aerospace, 6(5), 55.
  2. Dutczak, J. (2016, September). Micro turbine engines for drones propulsion. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 148, No. 1, p. 012063). IOP Publishing.
  3. Çoban, S., & Oktay, T. (2018). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) according to engine type. Journal of aviation, 2(2), 177- 184.
  4. Wee, S., Do, J., Kim, K., Lee, C., Seok, C., Choi, B. G., Kim, W. (2020). Review on mechanical thermal properties of superalloys and thermal barrier coating used in gas turbines. Applied Sciences, 10(16), 5476.
  5. Cunningham, C. S., Ransom, D., Wilkes, J., Bishop, J., White, B. (2015, June). Mechanical design features of a small gas turbine for power generation in unmanned aerial vehicles. In Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air (Vol. 56796, p. V008T23A021). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
  6. Kommel, L. (2017). Microstructure and properties characterization of polycrystalline Ni-Fe-Cr-based superalloy EP- 718E after electric upsetting. Key Engineering Materials, 721, 467- 472.
  7. Radhika, C., Shanmugam, R., Ramoni, M., Gnanavel, B. K. (2024). A review on additive manufacturing for aerospace application. Materials Research Express, 11(2), 022001.
  8. Waugh, I., Moore, E., Greig, A., Macfarlane, J., & Dick- Cleland, W. (2021, March). Additive manufacture of rocket engine combustion chambers using the Abd R-900Am nickel superalloy. In SP2020 Virtual Conf (pp. 17-19).
  9. Ojo, O. O., & Taban, E. (2023). Post-processing treatments–microstructure–performance interrelationship of metal additive manufactured aerospace alloys: a review. Materials science and technology, 39(1), 1-41.
  10. Brooks, J. W. (2000). Forging of superalloys. Materials & design, 21(4), 297-303.
  11. Park, N. K., Kim, I. S., Na, Y. S., & Yeom, J. T. (2001). Hot forging of a nickel-base superalloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 111(1-3), 98-102.
  12. Laptev, A. V., Tolochin, A. I., Kovalchenko, M. S., Evich, Y. I., & Okun’, I. Y. (2016). Structure and properties of Ni3Al intermetallic under vacuum impact sintering. Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, 54(9), 554-567.
  13. Tolochyna, O., Tolochyn, O., Bagliuk, G., Podrezov, Y., Zgalat-Lozynskyy, O., & Okun, I. (2023). Effect of Heating Rate and Hot Forging Temperature on Phase Formation and Complex Physical and Mechanical Properties of Powdered Iron Aluminide: Tolochyna, Tolochyn, Bagliuk, Podrezov, Zgalat-Lozynskyy, and Okun. JOM, 75(3), 825-836.
  14. Pérez, M., Dumont, C., Nodin, O., & Nouveau, S. (2018). Impact of forging direction on the recrystallization behaviour of nickel base superalloy AD730 billet material at subsolvus temperatures. Materials Characterization, 146, 169-181.
  15. Alabort, E., Reed, R. C., & Barba, D. (2018). Combined modelling and miniaturised characterisation of high-temperature forging in a nickel-based superalloy. Materials & Design, 160, 683- 697.
  16. Tolochyn, O. I., Tolochyna, O. V., Podrezov, Y. M., Danylenko, V. I., & Bagliuk, G. A. (2025). The Role of Deformation Conditions and Mo-Doping on the Evolution of Structure and Mechanical Properties of Powdered Iron Aluminide. JOM, 1-14.
  17. Tolochyn, O., Tolochyna, O., Bagliuk, G., Yevych, Y., Danylenko, V., & Podrezov, Y. (2024). Mechanical behavior of powdered iron aluminide Fe–28Al manufactured by direct powder forging. Intermetallics, 175, 108537.
  18. Tolochyn, O., Kyryliuk, S., Bagliuk, G., Podrezov, Y., & Tolochyna, O. (2025). Multilevel analysis of deformation and structure formation processes in powdered iron aluminide products obtained by different technological schemes of direct powder forging. International Journal of Material Forming, 18(1), 1-14.
  19. Skorokhod, V. V. (1972). Rheological basis of the theory of sintering. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 146 p. (in Russian)

Article full text

Download PDF