International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

The development of energy in our country is one of the good examples, thanks to which it can be claimed that Bulgaria is growing into an industrial country. The study of the stages in this development shows a different attitude towards this industry during the first half of the previous century and then, until the end of the socialist period. Until the middle of the century, energy was extremely underestimated as an area on which the general industrial growth depended, it was neglected financially as a secondary area, for which the differences remained from investments in other directions. A quite natural consequence of this was the weak technical training of the intelligentsia and the inability to develop its own energy production, which led to technological dependence on more developed countries. After the middle of the century, a reversal is noticeable, thanks to which the negative trends are abandoned. There are results that speak for the prioritization of
energy policy.
In addition to being singled out as a separate industry, the energy industry also robs the largest capital funds. The leading understanding is that without the development of energy, there would be no development at all. Undoubtedly, Bulgaria’s great achievements in engineering, metallurgy, transport and other industrial sectors would not have been possible without the successful development of the Bulgarian energy industry.

The role of event tourism in Azerbaijan is increasing each year slightly by taking place in sports events, festivals, musical competitions, and tourism fairs. Since 2012 when Eurovision Song Contest was held in Baku, Azerbaijan has become one of the event centers in the world. As the number of events held in Baku increases, tourist arrivals also increase slightly. By mentioning event tourism, festivals, seminars, meeting events, and some other events are taken into consideration.
As different events are held in Azerbaijan every year, there is a huge need for the application of innovative approaches. In this article, different innovation examples, as well as the impact of event tourism have been researched

The report presents a developed Web-based information system for managing business processes. The system includes system design and development, database design and development, and Web interface design. A special encryption algorithm was used to generate the key. The main purpose is to provide protection, both at the system’s entrance and during data transfer and storage. For the web platform, the main protections are 1) Control of access to the system by filling in a username and password, individual for each external user; 2) Ensuring protection of input data by irreversible hashing of the password with a randomly generated key from the system; 3) Using resource protection i.e. without authorization it is not possible to review and change the information in the database 4) Using of special unique
identifiers to access the database information; 5) Using a token to send requests to the API.

Decision making is a key characteristic of a successful organisation and one of the most important roles of a manager. Decisionmaking plays an important role during times of crisis. Any condition, even a crisis, can be handled by a manager equipped with the appropriate crisis competencies. In the theory of managerial decision-making, the various procedures and tools are explained through normative and descriptive theories, which should form the basis of decision-making even in times of crisis. Uncertainty and complexity are significant predictors of decision-making practices in such conditions. From a normative perspective, the characteristics of decision-making in times of crisis include complexity, political aspect and formalisation. From the perspective of descriptive theories, attention is paid to the psychological aspects of decision making and the influence of behavioural economics on managers’ decision making. The Fourth Industrial Revolution, with its tools, supports decision-making. The creators of this support should try to reinforce the intended rationality of the target user and at the same time avoid introducing “irrationality” into the processes of analysis and decision making. Effective technologies must take into account the complex social and economic nature of decision-making. Related to this is a properly aligned corporate culture as a tool for implementing the changes and innovations needed to cope with the crisis. Changing corporate culture as a quick response to a crisis is, according to many authors, impossible. That is why there is talk of preparedness in the form of gradual introduction of Industry 4.0 tools in order to build a digital corporate culture that can support the introduction of necessary changes in enterprises in times of crisis. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the crisis on changes in managerial decision-making in the era of the fourth industrial revolution and to discuss what role corporate culture can play in crisis-induced changes.

The article focuses on the definition of industrial business risks that are associated with risk management. Following the description of the risks, the article then focuses on the elimination of the hazard or the reduction of each of the two criteria that determine the risk in question, such as the severity of the damage caused by the hazard and the likelihood that the damage will occur, separately or simultaneously, are two ways to achieve the purpose of risk reduction. The article is highly relevant to the implementation and development of technical systems and equipment.

Today’s world is full of rapid changes, accompanied by an unsustainable pace of technological development. Thanks to the advent of virtualization, the way of working is changing as the dependence on time and space ceases to influence work opportunities. Globalization, information, and communication technologies mean that we are encountering more and more concepts such as virtual teams, virtual leadership, or remote working in companies. At the same time, virtualization, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, opens up a range of new issues that require greater interest from researchers – such as the specifics of women working from home, the gender gap, ways of coping with stress, and others. Our paper is therefore dedicated to a systematic review of the literature on virtualization. Based on a qualitative analysis of the 30 most cited works from the Web of Science database that relate to the topic of the virtual workplace and were published in 2018-2022, we provide an overview of the current issues and challenges facing the corporate sector today. The VOSviewer and Voyant Tools software were used for the systematic literature review. Our research provides an overview of the most important topics related to virtualization while presenting problems and existing research gaps.

Direct Robotic process automation (RPA) has received a lot of attention because of the increasing demand for solutions to improve the efficiency of business processes in an organization. With RPA, organizations can develop robots that automate a large number of processes. However, despite its relevance, RPA is a relatively young field and many of its concepts remain open to discussion. One of the primary tasks in creating a robot is the identification of threats at the design stage, which reduces the number of possible attacks, identifying vulnerabilities, thereby increasing the security of the robot itself. The increasing use of RPA-based solutions in mission-critical systems has created a need and interest in assessing their threats. The foundation for successful creation, launch and use of a secure RPA-based solution would be application of classical design techniques and evaluating the risks on all SDLC cycle stages. But in order to perform this appropriate tools taking into consideration the specific nuances of the domain area are needed. BPMN notation, used for describing business processes can be seen as a good candidate for designing RPA solutions. However, BPMN is not able to cover the description of all aspects in the robot process, namely, issues related to the specifics of RPA security remain unaccounted for. This study analyses business process notation (BPMN) as a modelling tool for the design of automated processes in RPA, proposes an approach for defining securityrelated extensions of BPMN using its own extension mechanism, that can be used for risk analysis on different SDLC stages.

Spreadsheet software is commonly used in small and medium enterprises for a wide range of processes including analyzing the collected data, monitoring over the dynamics in data values, grouping and sorting, automating daily tasks, etc. Its automation features allow applying additional processing of the available data to make helpful suggestions for the managers. This paper describes the steps to develop a tool based on a spreadsheet model that could help managers in the procurement process. The main features of the presented model are: calculating safety stock based on a chosen rule; suggesting the reorder point and the latest reorder date for the articles; marking articles in different colors for the purposes of prioritization and grouping in one delivery from the same supplier. The consumption forecast is calculated using extrapolated historical data. The tool could be used by the procurement managers in order to automate their daily tasks on monitoring the stock levels. The model is adjustable and could include additional data sources (i.e. pre ordered quantities, etc.) to increase its the accuracy or exclude some of the data sources (i.e. historical data on the consumption), using only preprocessed indicators (i.e. mean consumption) with tradeoffs on its accuracy.

After general theoretical introduction referred on port related emissions, in this paper, special focus is given to emission to air in a seaport caused by dispersion of cargo through handling operation with dry bulk cargoes (and their storing on open storage area). In that context, on the concrete object of research – handling operations with dry bulk cargoes in the Port of Bar (Montenegro) – are analyzed elements which determine quantities of dispersed cargoes by handling operations types and their phases, considered intensity of emissions to air caused by cargo dispersion and recognized principal direction of action in order to reduce that dispersion (and consequent emissions to air).

After the adoption of the European Green Pact aimed at achieving the sustainability of the Union’s economy, industrial enterprises are faced with the challenge of creating and implementing eco-innovations aimed at achieving the goals set in the Pact. Considering that the innovation activity is a complex, expensive and risky process, for a large part of the enterprises there is the possibility of taking advantage of the possibilities of technological transfer of eco-innovations. The purpose of this report is to present the essence, characteristics and main forms of transfer of eco-innovations.The results show that the development and implementation of eco-innovations can be a complex, expensive and risky process that requires knowledge, effort and many activities that are beyond the power of every enterprise. This necessitates cooperation as a form of reducing costs and achieving a better economic effect

Humanity enters Industry 4.0. It is characterized by the emergence of numerous innovative technologies that should be produced in “smart” factories. However, this presents the entire Western world with a problem. Talking about the industry for machines, we immediately talk about machine engineers who power this industry. However, in the West, the crisis with this type of personnel is severe because of our previous ideology – “Knowledge Economy” which diverted many of the finest young people towards social science specialties and above all, those related to economics and management. Therefore, the West, is tasked with creating a new quality industry for machines without the engineering personnel to secure this process.This report presents a new approach to bring back the previous and well-deserved prestige of the all-important engineering profession through a fourth and final engineering wave in the development of a holistic business model ontology, a wave that will also generate a new quality of systemic economic engineers – the necessary engineering capital for realizing Industry 4.0.

The research focus addresses to installation of PV modules in industry sector in Albania. Due to energy crises, the prices are going higher and with the new regulations that are defined by Albanian government, businesses that are connected to 20kV, 10kV, 6kV transmission lines must secure the energy supply by their selves in open market, since a part of price was covered by government, now companies are facing higher prices. The new price is expected to increase more than 70%, up to 0.16 €/kWh from 0.092 €/kWh. Also, companies that will be in the open market will face price volatilities, hence with the installation of PV modules, reduction of electricity price is possible, since the LCOE (levelized cost of electricity) for the PV in Albania, including 20% VAT tax, is calculated around 0.035 €/kWh. To calculate the effect in electricity price a simulation using RETScreen Expert is performed. The simulations are made for a company connected to a 20kV electricity transmission line where an on-grid PV system 217.28 kW power installed is integrated on the roof. The PV modules covers 52.4% of the company electricity demand, by generating 286055 kWh electricity yearly from which 68% of electricity generated from PV is consumed by the company and 32% is exported to grid because company works 8 h/day and there is not an electricity storage system installed. With the price increment from 0.092 €/kWh to 0.16 €/kWh, the total earnings from PV installed system will be increased by an average 65.3% and if the electricity price in the open market is doubled the total earnings will be increased by an average 85.3%.