International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Carbon adsorbents were synthesized from waste biomass through controlled carbonization and activation processes, aiming to develop sustainable materials for environmental applications. The produced carbons exhibited a well-developed porous structure and high specific surface area, as confirmed by textural characterization. These structural features contributed to enhanced adsorption capacities toward various water pollutants, including dyes, heavy metals, and organic contaminants. The adsorption mechanisms were mainly governed by surface interactions and pore diffusion, indicating strong affinity between the adsorbents and the target molecules. The use of renewable biomass as a precursor not only reduces production costs but also supports waste valorization and circular economy principles. Overall, the synthesized carbon materials demonstrate significant potential as efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly adsorbents for water purification and protection of aquatic ecosystems.

Iron in surface waters occurs in a variety of physical and chemical forms, each exhibiting distinct reactivity and environmental behaviour. To advance the understanding of how individual biogeochemical processes interact and how aquatic ecosystems respond to shifts in iron speciation, it is essential to establish reliable analytical approaches. In this context, the development of a procedure capable of determining the most reactive and kinetically labile fractions of Fe(II) and Fe(III) represents a timely and significant challenge in contemporary environmental analytical chemistry.

Soil is a complex heterogeneous system composed of solid, liquid and gaseous matrix, which is a key factor for terrestrial ecosystems. As an open system, it is a source or sink of many substances, including pollutants. Pollutants in soils can be of natural or anthropogenic origin, which are generally divided into two main groups: organic and inorganic pollutants. The report is prepared on the basis of scientific literature and is entirely aimed at clarifying the sources, impact and effects of persistent organic compounds. For this purpose, 32 scientific articles available in ResearchGate, Scholar and ScienceDirect were studied. Attention is focused on them, as they are considered a global environmental problem due to their persistence, potential for bioaccumulation, toxicity, carcinogenic and mutagenic potential.

The article, based on research into the impact of military operations on agricultural soils, provides a technology for the reclamation of explosion craters.

Timely detection and treatment of water pollution is of utmost importance for preventing serious environmental pollution and toxicity to living organisms. Traditional monitoring methods require time for sampling and analysis, and those that provide real-time monitoring are expensive and have limited application. The development of a low-cost sensor for real-time water monitoring will enable wider application and quality management of more water bodies. Guided by this, we constructed and tested a prototype of a biosensor based on a sediment microbial fuel cell. The sensor showed high efficiency and sensitivity to the most common heavy metals pollutants from industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater. The sensor is designed for both portable and desktop applications, as well as for integration into the technological schemes of enterprises for continuous monitoring.

Water scarcity is a global phenomenon and is described as a marked decrease in precipitation, relative to the historical average, over a period of time. The negative consequences of drought are far worse than the positive outcomes. The Konya Closed Basin (KCB), characterized by a semi-arid climate zone, has been among the worst-affected regions in the last several decades. There have been reports of surface water bodies (e.g., Beyşehir Lake, Altınapa Dam) in the KCB declining in water levels. There has been a sustainable supply of water over the last two years of the drought period, and in the case of Beyşehir Lake and Altınapa Dam, which are the two largest surface water storage bodies on the Konya Plain, the water levels have fallen below usable levels, causing larger implications for the agricultural settings and aquatic environment. Therefore, increasing reliance on groundwater supplies has steadily worsened aquifer depletion and general declines in well yields across the KCB. In particular, excessive groundwater use has led to the formation of many sinkholes across the KCB, with a higher incidence of occurrence in the Konya-Karapınar district, termed the desert of Türkiye. After experiencing recurrent and severe drought conditions, agricultural farmers growing high water-consuming crops like alfalfa, maize, and sugar beet on their farming systems often showed higher economic returns on these crops, so that these farmers selected to grow these crops rather than consider the issue of water availability. Thus, financial mechanisms need to be established to incentivize the production of cereals with low water demand to relieve drought-related pressures. Moreover, it is also important for soil protection to convert land to drought-resistant crops, shrubs, and trees. Lastly, large-scale application of pressurized irrigation techniques, particularly using sprinklers and drip irrigation, is necessary to improve water use efficiency under constrained conditions.

The article presents a general view of the working body for cleaning the damaged soil layer inside the crater. In order to select an excavator to which the developed working body is attached, and to determine the requirements for the engine, transmission and fuel consumption, a calculation of the energy intensity of cleaning one cubic meter of contaminated damaged soil layer was carried out.

A laboratory unit has been developed for cleaning carrots, which will improve the quality of cleaning carrots from soil impurities and plant residues. The proposed design of the device for orienting carrots during cleaning.

We focused on the assessment of the quality of work of the selected seeder used in soil protection technologies, with the aim of optimizing its efficiency and contributing to sustainable agriculture. Soil protection technologies, which are increasingly important in connection with soil degradation and changes in climate conditions, require precise and efficient agricultural tools. Seeders play a key role in seed application, and their performance directly affects soil quality and crop yields. We monitored the accuracy of sowing, uniformity of seed distribution, depth of their planting, as well as the impact of the seeder’s work on soil structure and protection against erosion. The research results provide comprehensive information on the effectiveness of the seeder in terms of soil protection technologies, identify potential shortcomings in its performance and suggest possible improvements. These findings are relevant for agricultural practice, where a combination of high yields and soil protection is required, and contribute to the optimization of technological processes in modern agriculture.

An experimental setup was developed and manufactured to study a conveyor with a blade working body, which will improve the functional and operational characteristics of conveyors. When conducting a multifactorial experiment to determine the damage to grain material by the blade working body of the conveyor, the variable factors were: the diameter of the casing D, the conveyor loading coefficient ψ, and the rotation frequency of the blade working body n. Based on the results of experimental studies, corresponding regression equations and response surfaces were constructed to establish the influence of controlled factors on the damage to grain materials.

The article studies and analyzes the impact of armed aggression and hostilities on soil cover, in particular, damage and destruction of fertile soil as a result of the detonation of various explosives (missiles, bombs, artillery shells, etc.). It has been established that as a result of rocket and artillery shelling, the fields are covered with craters from the explosions of shells, mines, and rockets. The craters are of different diameters and depths. The soil remaining at the impact site is turbulized, subject to dynamic compaction, and contains numerous metal fragments with residues of explosive toxic substances, which means that the physical properties of the soil deteriorate, the particle size distribution changes, and the soil is compacted and disintegrated due to a decrease in the content of agronomically valuable fractions, etc. Based on research on the impact of military operations on agricultural soils, the following technology for reclamation of explosion craters was developed.

The main groups of factors / soil-climatic, agrotechnical, technological and organizational / influencing the quality of the main and pre-sowing tillage of the soil and the relationships between them are examined.
The results obtained show that compliance with the main groups of factors and good organization of work improve the quality of the main and pre-sowing tillage, reduce the costs of their implementation and increase yields.