International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

In accordance with Resolution MSC.428(98) “Maritime Cyber Risk Management in Safety Management Systems” the companies must implement the issues to their Safety Management Systems no later than the first annual verification of the company’s Document of Compliance after 01 January 2021. Some of the biggest companies and associations from the industry have published their own Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships. However, the question on ship’s cyber security is still not implemented in the syllabuses. As per International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code), part B, 8.3.5 the ship’s security assessment should include radio and telecommunication systems, including computer systems and networks. This necessitates finding answers to the following questions: whether the Ship’s Security Plan has to be revised to include the appropriate measures to protect both equipment and communication links or Cyber security plan itself will be enough to cover the issues; whether the Cyber Security Officer (CSO) will be the person who will tackle the problem or the companies have to hire a well-qualified additional person; whether such a person has to be a mariner or IT specialist. The aim of this article is research regarding implementation of Maritime Cyber Risk Management requirements to the vessel’s Ship Security Plan (SSP) and qualification of the person responsible for companies’ fleet cyber security.

Ports are what initiate the social and economic growth of a region, not only enabling trade but also serving as a center for social activities. Nowadays, most ports (especially seaports) are well equipped with specialized machinery such as forklifts and gantry cranes to facilitate regular cargo transactions. Ports are also a major source of employment as a large number of workers are employed there.

The creation of a safe system is crucial to a more stable urban environment and the improvement of society’s well-being. The primary components for successfully reducing the number of traffic accidents and road traumatism in general are the capacity of state institutions and the management of processes that involve road safety. Despite the massive amount of funds invested in designing safe roads, as well as restrictive elements along the road infrastructure and especially control, the share of drivers who view speeding as natural is growing. The purpose of the paper is to identify the invisible factors that push drivers to drive with excessive speed within urbanized environments. Emphasis is put on the significance of the personality characteristics, competence and behavior of drivers. The inferences from this study can help determine the direction of development for road safety in Bulgaria.

Forecasting the number of tourists by month can help the region’s tourism business prepare for the next season, in particular, in the future, in the correct selection of capacity of hotels, appropriate inventory, number of workers serving the facilities, capital investments, investments, volume and other economic indicators of tourist infrastructure facilities, as well as their implementation dates and raising financial rewards from them. The simplest method of forecasting is the method of direct extrapolation, which is based on the study of the dynamics of change in economic events during a particular time span and the transfer of patterns revealed to the future.

At the beginning of the third millennium, environmental audit acquired new and importance, especially for the sustainable development of business activities, including transport companies. The triple planetary crisis refers to the three main interlinked issues that humanity currently faces: climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. The research pays special attention to the development of the “green office” concept in the sustainable development of a transport company. The goal of the research is the inclusion in the environmental audit of economic indicators of a transport company that affect the country’s СО2 emissions. The subject of the research is environmental audit indicators. Based on a method of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach additional criteria for the environmental audit of company are evaluated.

Risk assessment is a crucial aspect of functional safety. As many of the safety development methods define the development process and applicable procedures based on the required risk reduction (safety level or tolerable hazard rate). System development, including hardware and software development requires special measures to reduce the dangerous effects of random hardware failure as well as systematic developer-made errors that can lead to dangerous situations during operation. This set of measures is known as safety management.
In air traffic management there are international and European legislation and industry-specific standards that mainly focus on software issues. Additionally, general functional safety standards offer more complex hardware and software solutions to achieve the desired level of safety for newly developed systems.
This paper discusses on the risk assessment challenges posed by new, highly automated air traffic control systems. These systems rely on hardware and software components to perform safety-critical control functions without human intervention or human supervision. The paper identifies the relevant legislative entities and compares a domain-specific risk assessment method for air traffic control with widely used general risk assessment methods. An example Air Traffic Control function is analysed according to EUROCAE ED153 (“Guidelines for ANS
Software Safety Assurance”), according to 2017/373/EU (“Commission Implementing Regulation laying down common requirements for providers of air traffic management/air navigation services and other air traffic management network functions and their oversight…”) and in comparison, according to general functional safety standard IEC 61508 (“Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-Related Systems”).

In any economic system, the transportation of goods is critical to the functioning of commerce and industry. In the world of international trade and transportation of goods, the risks associated with the transportation of goods are inevitable. Although technological logistics systems are developing at an extraordinary pace thus ensuring the efficiency and safety of transportation, factors such as natural disasters, technical problems, theft and damage can lead to serious losses for both carriers and cargo owners.

Regional rail transport is a key part of the transport process, and its importance is growing every year. Suburban rail forms the backbone of the regional transport system and is widely regarded as a sustainable form of mobility with societal benefits. On the other hand, the costs associated with operating rail transport are significant and it is essential to design cost-effective and efficient transport solutions. This paper takes a closer look at the prediction of passenger volumes and the associated options for effective management of regional rail transport when travel demand is known. A practical application is developed in the conditions of suburban rail transport in the vicinity of Ostrava in the Czech Republic. It analyses the available data on transport supply and travel demand of which passengers can be assigned to specific directions and time slots in relation to daily and weekly variations of travel demand. Based on the data provided, a model for assigning passengers with respect to public transport supply was proposed. The prediction is harmonised with local specific conditions. The results obtained were used to design a new operational concept for the suburban railway in the assessed area. On the basis of the data obtained, a modelled composition of vehicle units and frequency of services on individual sections was proposed. An appropriately set capacity of the vehicle units enables a significant reduction of operating costs and leads to an economical and efficient transport solution.

In the article, the “South-West” international transport corridor was studied, the economic expediency of the main and alternative transport routes (including those passing through the territory of the Republic of Armenia (RA) for cargo transportation in the direction of “Asia-Iran-Europe” was evaluated, the possibilities of RA participation in the “New Silk Road” international transport program were considered.

Event Data Recorder is a specialized device that is installed in the airbag module of vehicle and is used to monitor vehicle movements in traffic accidents. Access to the data from the Event Data Recorder device is possible only through authorized and certified equipment, which enables the technical and legal credibility of the collected data. Directive EU 2019/2144 of the European Parliament and Council defined that all new type-approvals vehicles after 6 July 2022 must be equipped with an Event Data Recorder device. Accordingly, recently in the Republic of Croatia, data from Event Data Recorder devices have been used more and more often for the purpose of analyzing traffic accidents. Accordingly, this paper will present the possibilities of analyzing traffic accidents using the Event Data Recorder device and the methods by which it is possible to access said data.

The obstacle avoidance maneuver was the subject of many researches. Most of the models for calculation of distance necessary to perform the avoidance maneuver were based on theoretical researches, that took into account a large number of simplifications. In order to analyse the influence of different drivers and vehicles on a maneuver, an experimental research study of lane change was carried out at the test track which enables repeatability in the same conditions. Based on those researches it was established the empirical model for calculation of evasive maneuver distance. This model can be used for traffic accidents reconstruction, but also in the development concept of modern “intelligent” vehicles.

Transport plays an important role in the economic and social development of each country. It also has a major impact on growth and employment. Today, transport faces great uncertainties and problems that will continue to have a strong and unpredictable impact on transport services and transport jobs in the future. Transport jobs are about to change in the coming period – on the one hand due to the development of technology, but also due to other factors, such as the rapid evolution in the organization of work and the nature of labour relations. It is the responsibility of all stakeholders in transport to prepare for these changes – to manage it, minimize its costs and maximize its benefits. The paper presents sets of measures that stakeholders in transport could apply to prepare for upcoming changes.