International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) is a valuable byproduct derived from the processing of lignocellulosic biomass, particularly in the pulp and paper industry. In the present study, TOFA, under optimized alkaline conditions, was firstly converted to soap, then TOFA-based soap was utilized to produce long-chain alkenes using photocatalysis (photoreactor equipped with a UVA-LED lamp). In addition, the performance of TiO2, as photocatalyst, was enhanced by introducing NH4 + onto its surface. Using response surface methodology (RSM), the effect of reaction time (135, 180, and 225 min), catalyst (80, 110, and 140 mg), and TOFA-based soap quantity (50, 100, and 150 mg) were
evaluated. The highest yield (77.7 mg) of Cn-1 long-chain alkenes was attained when ~1:1 ratio of TOFA-based soap:NH4-TiO2 was photocatalyzed at 365 nm for 180 min. The findings demonstrated that ~55% of TOFA-based soap can be converted to long chain alkenes by using photocatalysis under optimized conditions. Then, by using sulfuric acid, the alkenes were hydrated into corresponding long-chain alcohols that can serve as precursor for fabrication of bio-based extended surfactants. These findings highlighted the potential of the byproducts of lignocellulosic wastes (i.e., TOFA) as a sustainable feedstock for producing high-value chemicals