International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Cyber education is one of the global challenges in recent years. Attacks are becoming increasingly sophisticated and ensuring a safe working environment is difficult. Hyper-realistic virtual environments, called cyber training grounds, help to raise the level of cybersecurity training. The report analyses applicable methods, software and implemented solutions, which are cyber training grounds. The purpose of the study is to outline the types of cyber training grounds and their characteristics, functionalities and requirements for training through a cyber training ground, according to EU regulations, with the aim of applying them as a solution for training cybersecurity specialists to ensure the functioning of the National Situation Center and Crisis Management Center.

In today’s times, people demand fast, stable, and reliable applications. Therefore, it is essential to choose the right software architecture before implementing functionalities adopted in the project. The monolithic architecture is implemented as a single unit, integrating all functionalities within a single codebase. In contrast, the microservice architecture decomposes the application into several independent services, each responsible for a specific business logic. Key factors such as scalability, fault tolerance, and data consistency are analyzed. Performance metrics, simplicity, flexibility, and the challenges of implementing and maintaining each architecture are gathered and compared. This study offers valuable insights into the practical implications of choosing between monolithic and microservice architectures, especially in the context of applications. It serves as a comprehensive guide for software developers to make informed decisions when designing scalable and reliable systems.

The future of industry contains many challenges. Necessity is to increase the degree of digitization and achieve a new level of productivity. The rise emergence of modern production lines operating in accordance with the concept of Industry 4.0 foresees the creation and implementation of new technologies and the emergence of autonomous production units capable of independent existence within the manufacturing process. They must closely communicate with other elements and cooperate with all the elements in the production process. In this article we describe architecture of theoretical cyber-physical system and give components and technologies necessary to implement a modern enterprise designed according to Industry 4.0 standards.