SOCIETY

Emotional Illusions and Smoking: A Novel Psychological Perspective on Nicotine Addiction

  • 1 Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization, smoking is one of the greatest threats to public health. In Bulgaria, this threat is particularly acute, as the country has the highest percentage of smokers and the highest mortality rate due to tobacco use among EU member states. Despite the well-documented health and financial detriments, the question of why people continue to smoke remains partially unresolved. This article proposes a novel psychological theory suggesting that the mild nicotine abstinent symptoms, combined with the initially unpleasant taste of cigarette smoke, create the perfect conditions for the emergence of “emotional illusions.” Emotional illusions, extensively studied in literature, occur when an unconscious external stimulus elicits an emotion, leading the brain to construct an illusory cause for the emotion. In the context of smoking, it is not boredom, nervousness, or stress that triggers the desire to smoke, but rather the mild withdrawal symptoms that the brain misinterprets as these states. The article concludes with preliminary empirical data supporting this hypothesis.

Keywords

References

  1. Benowitz, N. L. (2009). Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 49, 57-71.
  2. West, R. J., & Russell, M. A. (1985). Pre-abstinence smoke intake and smoking motivation as predictors of severity of cigarette withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacology, 87, 334-336.
  3. Siqueira, L., Diab, M., Bodian, C., & Rolnitzky, L. (2000). Adolescents becoming smokers: the roles of stress and coping methods. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(6), 399-408.
  4. Friedman, A. S. (2020). Smoking to cope: Addictive behavior as a response to mental distress. Journal of Health Economics, 72, 102323.
  5. Bindu, R., Sharma, M. K., Suman, L. N., & Marimuthu, P. (2011). Stress and coping behaviors among smokers. Asian journal of psychiatry, 4(2), 134-138.
  6. Rondina, R. D. C., Gorayeb, R., & Botelho, C. (2007). Psychological characteristics associated with tobacco smoking behavior. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, 33, 592-601.
  7. Krosnick, J. A., & Judd, C. M. (1982). Transitions in social influence at adolescence: Who induces cigarette smoking?. Developmental Psychology, 18(3), 359.
  8. Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., & Sherman, S. J. (1984). Cognitive and social influence factors in adolescent smoking cessation. Addictive behaviors, 9(4), 383-390.
  9. Abernathy, T. J., Massad, L., & Romano-Dwyer, L. (1995). The relationship between smoking and self-esteem. Adolescence, 30(120), 899-908.
  10. Dijkstra, M., Mesters, I., De Vries, H., Van Breukelen, G., & Parcel, G. S. (1999). Effectiveness of a social influence approach and boosters to smoking prevention. Health Education Research, 14(6), 791-802.
  11. Van Den Putte, B., Yzer, M. C., & Brunsting, S. (2005). Social influences on smoking cessation: a comparison of the effect of six social influence variables. Preventive medicine, 41(1), 186-193.
  12. Vitória, P. D., Salgueiro, M. F., Silva, S. A., & de Vries, H. (2011). Social influence, intention to smoke, and adolescent smoking behaviour longitudinal relations. British journal of health psychology, 16(4), 779-798.
  13. Tomkins, S. S. (1966). Psychological model for smoking behavior. American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health, 56(12_Suppl), 17-20.
  14. Leventhal, H., & Avis, N. (1976). Pleasure, addiction, and habit: Factors in verbal report or factors in smoking behavior?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85(5), 478.
  15. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Optimistic bias in adolescent and adult smokers and nonsmokers. Addictive behaviors, 25(4), 625-632.
  16. Senft Everson, N., Klein, W. M., Lee, S. S., Selove, R., Sanderson, M., Blot, W. J., ... & Tindle, H. A. (2022). Dispositional optimism and optimistic bias: Associations with cessation motivation, confidence, and attitudes. Health Psychology, 41(9), 621.
  17. Khwaja, A., Silverman, D., & Sloan, F. (2007). Time preference, time discounting, and smoking decisions. Journal of health economics, 26(5), 927-949.
  18. Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., & Madden, G. J. (1999). Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers. Psychopharmacology, 146, 447-454.
  19. Chaloupka, F. (1991). Rational addictive behavior and cigarette smoking. Journal of political Economy, 99(4), 722-742.
  20. Chaloupka, F. J., & Warner, K. E. (2000). The economics of smoking. Handbook of health economics, 1, 1539-1627.
  21. Chaloupka, F. J., Yurekli, A., & Fong, G. T. (2012). Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy. Tobacco control, 21(2), 172-180.
  22. Warner, K. E., Chaloupka, F. J., Cook, P. J., Manning, W. G., Newhouse, J. P., Novotny, T. E., ... & Townsend, J. (1995). Criteria for determining an optimal cigarette tax: the economist's perspective. Tobacco Control, 4(4), 380.
  23. Barrett, L. F. (2013). Psychological construction: The Darwinian approach to the science of emotion. Emotion review, 5(4), 379-389.
  24. Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2017). How Emotions are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780544133310.
  25. Barrett, L. F. (2006). "Solving the emotion paradox: Categorization and the experience of emotion". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 10 (1): 20–46. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_2. PMID 16430327. S2CID 7750265.
  26. Tappolet, C. (2012). Emotions, Perceptions, and Emotional Illusions. In: Calabi, C. (eds) Perceptual Illusions. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230365292_12

Article full text

Download PDF