International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Water scarcity is a global phenomenon and is described as a marked decrease in precipitation, relative to the historical average, over a period of time. The negative consequences of drought are far worse than the positive outcomes. The Konya Closed Basin (KCB), characterized by a semi-arid climate zone, has been among the worst-affected regions in the last several decades. There have been reports of surface water bodies (e.g., Beyşehir Lake, Altınapa Dam) in the KCB declining in water levels. There has been a sustainable supply of water over the last two years of the drought period, and in the case of Beyşehir Lake and Altınapa Dam, which are the two largest surface water storage bodies on the Konya Plain, the water levels have fallen below usable levels, causing larger implications for the agricultural settings and aquatic environment. Therefore, increasing reliance on groundwater supplies has steadily worsened aquifer depletion and general declines in well yields across the KCB. In particular, excessive groundwater use has led to the formation of many sinkholes across the KCB, with a higher incidence of occurrence in the Konya-Karapınar district, termed the desert of Türkiye. After experiencing recurrent and severe drought conditions, agricultural farmers growing high water-consuming crops like alfalfa, maize, and sugar beet on their farming systems often showed higher economic returns on these crops, so that these farmers selected to grow these crops rather than consider the issue of water availability. Thus, financial mechanisms need to be established to incentivize the production of cereals with low water demand to relieve drought-related pressures. Moreover, it is also important for soil protection to convert land to drought-resistant crops, shrubs, and trees. Lastly, large-scale application of pressurized irrigation techniques, particularly using sprinklers and drip irrigation, is necessary to improve water use efficiency under constrained conditions.

The production of green beans in plastic unheated greenhouses is relevant when grown as a intercropping culture. Rrotation of crops is an important biological factor for increasing soil fertility, and year round production of vegetables in plastic greenhouses to maximize the economic impact of these expensive facilities.
Considering the biology of the crop and especially its requirements for soil moisture, determinating for obtaining high yields and quality production is the implementation of a proper irrigation regime, as well as the use of suitable irrigation technique.
The aim of the research is to identify the main elements of the irrigation regime of green beans, cultivated as a second intercropping culture, in drip irrigation / watering and irrigation rates, interwatering periods and number of irrigations /.
Irrigation was carried out with a drip irrigation system type Drossbach. Variations have been tested at 85-90% of pre-watering humidity and 120% of irrigation rates- 120%; 100%; 80% and 60%.
It has been found that the productivity of irrigation water in drip irrigation of vegetable crops grown in unheated greenhouses is increased by reducing the irrigation rate. The highest productivity of irrigation water is achieved with the 60% irrigation rate option.

Berry cultures – strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, blackcurrants, etc. are of great economic importance due to growing demand and high productivity. In general, they are susceptible to droughts and are so demanding for soil moisture, and their growth and yield depend to a large extent on the presence of sufficient soil moisture.
In order to establish the irrigation regime of raspberriesin drip irrigation conditions, field experiments were conducted on the experimental field Chelopechene-Sofia. Irrigation was carried out with a pre-irrigation humidity less than 85% of WHC and variants watered with irrigation rate reduction of 20%, 40% compared to the variant irrigated at 100% of WHC and non-irrigated variant.
Realized irrigation regimes in individual years have had an impact on the yields obtained, with the highest yields being obtained for the irrigated variants with 100% irrigation rate and the lowest in non-irrigated variants. The highest increase in yield was obtained in 2004 (dry), which is with 67% more compared to non-irrigated variants, and the smallest increase of 33% was obtained in the humid 2005.
The analysis of meteorological factors shows that the rainfall in the country is insufficient to satisfy the requirements of plants of soil moisture, and the temperature sums over ten-days periods over the whole vegetation period considerably exceed the respective norms. This requires the use of drip irrigation for the successful production of raspberries under conditions of water deficiency and relatively high temperatures.