International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

High water levels in the conditions of extreme events are a characteristic phase of the river runoff in the order of several hours passing huge volumes of water. The drainage is characterized by turbulent state, significant velocities and depths, which change rapidly and cause pronounced uneven and unsteady process. Water quantities may exceed a few hundred times their annual average, causing large spills in river valleys, and the deep depth and dragging force of the stream are a natural disaster causing huge damage with the possibility of human casualties.

The location of the Merawa dam is situated on the Cham I Daraban River, tributary of Qala Chuwalan River, which in its turn is tributary of the Lesser Zab River. From the administrative point of view, the dam site is located in Suleimaniyah Governorate, Sharbazer District, Iraq. The proposed works consist of a 38.50 meters high Dam and HPP which aims to provide a sturdy reserve of water for hydropower, irrigation and water supply for the residential areas in the downstream. Electric power is very important for the development of the area, as this war troubled zone laks entierely electricity, moreover it is considered to be a strategic area as the Iran-Iraq border is nearby. The Dam and micro-HPP will be able to provide the area with base energy, with a sturdiness granted by the volume of the reservoir, as now the only power sources are isolated fossil-fueled generators. The energy produced by the 150 kW turbines might seem small, but the community will be able to rely on this source as it’s primary supplier.

An estimation of streamflow transformation in rivers of Belarus under present conditions influenced by natural fluctuations of flow and anthropogenic impacts, has been performed. On the whole, no sizeable changes in the annual streamflow have been found. At the time of spring floods, an average decrease in the maximum annual discharge in the territory of Belarus is 43%, while the increase in peak summer-autumn and winter yields are 27% and 36 %, respectively.

We offer decentralized unpowered water lifting, using devices that are installed below a water source, such as a spring. The most promising of the water lifting devices of impulse type is a hydraulic ram. If the hydraulic ram is equipped with a suction tube, it is possible to increase the height difference between the source and the lowest point to the most possible value. If the hydraulic ram is equipped with a torque converter it allows: 1) to adapt optimal operating mode of a hydraulic ram to particular geodesic conditions; 2) to create in advance large-scale hydraulic rams and torque converters and to unitize them for each urgent order 3) in the second circuit, i.e. in the torque converter, any medium may be used as the working fluid: water, oil, coolant, air and so on., that helps produce energy and then transform it into useful function at maximum efficiency (≈ 90%) due to the minimal number of the energy conversion forms.