International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

This paper examines the legal framework governing bankruptcy proceedings under Albanian legislation, focusing on the debtor’s status and procedural rights in initiating insolvency procedures. It distinguishes between current insolvency, where financial incapacity is evident, and prospective insolvency, where the debtor’s inability to meet obligations is reasonably foreseeable. The study analyzes the debtor’s petition for the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, supported by the submission of financial documentation required to substantiate insolvency claims. Particular attention is given to the debtor’s request for reorganization and the submission of a reorganization plan as a mechanism for preserving economic value and improving creditor recovery through structured financial rehabilitation. In addition, the paper explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a decision-support tool in assessing insolvency risk and evaluating the feasibility of reorganization plans through predictive financial analysis. The findings highlight the role of bankruptcy law in ensuring legal certainty while promoting efficient and sustainable corporate restructuring processes.

The Middle East is a geographical and political region whose boundaries vary with analytical purpose. Depending on whether the emphasis is placed on security, politics, or economic integration, the region may be defined expansively—from Morocco to Pakistan (the ―Greater Middle East,‖ a term popularized in the early 2000s)—or more narrowly, in line with traditional Orientalist framings, from Egypt to Iran. Although the region’s spatial scope is contested, one defining characteristic is widely recognized: chronic instability. At the center of this instability lies the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Since Israel’s establishment in 1948, the confrontation has evolved from an element of a broader Arab–Israeli conflict into a distinct and enduring dispute with regional and global ramifications. Although the conflict concerns a relatively small territorial space (approximately 20,000 square kilometers), it has repeatedly expanded in political significance—from local contestation to regional polarization and, ultimately, to internationalization. It remains salient across the Muslim world and continues to command sustained attention from global policymakers, who for more than seven decades have failed to broker a durable settlement.
The conflict often generates sharply polarized views and is frequently approached through simplified narratives that obscure its historical depth and institutional complexity. While its modern dynamics emerged in the twentieth century, both parties draw on longer historical, religious, and cultural claims in legitimizing competing rights. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has also been instrumentalized by external actors, from Cold War geopolitics to post–September 11 security discourses. This article argues that the persistence of the Israeli–Palestinian dispute is best explained as a product of interacting political, structural, psychological, and international factors. By analyzing ten obstacles to peace, the paper offers a framework for understanding why repeated negotiations have failed and why conflict management has often substituted for conflict resolution.

Chromium in an aqueous environment can exist in various redox states, the most common being Cr(III), which is mainly in the form of an aquacomplex, and Cr(VI), which is mainly in the form of chromate ions. The distribution of compounds containing the respective forms of chromium depends on the redox potential, pH, the presence of an oxidizing or reducing agent, the kinetics of oxidation-reduction reactions, the formation of Cr(III) complexes or insoluble salts, and the total concentration of Cr.

The Common European Data Space for Cultural Heritage (CHDS), operational since 2023 and coordinated by the Europeana Foundation, represents the most mature and forward-thinking sectoral data space within the EU’s Data Strategy. Hosting over 59 million digitised items, it demonstrates a federated, sovereignty-preserving architecture with an exceptionally advanced security posture designed for 2030 threats already in 2025: zero-trust from day one, post-quantum-ready hybrid cryptography, large-scale privacy-by-design using differential privacy and synthetic data, immutable provenance via Merkle-tree logging, and AI-driven anomaly detection tailored to cultural patterns. This paper shows that CHDS far outperforms most current Industry 4.0 data spaces in AI maturity, cyber-resilience, and responsible data governance. Its production-grade multilingual AI pipelines, federated learning framework, and reusable micro-services offer a directly transferable blueprint for manufacturing, predictive maintenance, digital twins, and secure supply-chain collaboration. Already ranked #1 in AI maturity among all 14 European data spaces by the European Commission (2025), CHDS provides industrial stakeholders with battle-tested solutions they no longer need to develop from scratch, accelerating the creation of trustworthy, future-proof Industry 4.0 ecosystems.

This publication analyses the regional distribution of students – both entering and graduating, as well as the number and dynamics of educational institutions. This analysis involves reviewing, analysing and interpreting data to understand how students are distributed across different geographical regions. The analysis can provide insights into patterns, trends and disparities in the educational landscape, which can inform policy decisions, resource allocation and planning efforts. It also helps to determine whether certain regions have higher or lower numbers of students, which can be influenced by factors such as population density, infrastructure or local policies.
If certain regions have fewer students, this may indicate problems such as limited access to educational institutions, higher dropout rates or other socio-economic challenges. By comparing data over several years, trends in student distribution, such as population changes or changing educational needs, can be identified. The final step often involves presenting the findings to relevant stakeholders, such as politicians, school administrators, or government agencies.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionising the preservation and conservation of cultural artefacts by introducing innovative, noninvasive and highly efficient solutions. The integration of AI has transformed traditional approaches to the preservation, documentation and restoration of artefacts. Contemporary AI-based technologies and applications vary from computer vision and machine learning to natural language processing and high-fidelity digital surrogates. Applications such as AI-assisted imaging, 3D reconstruction, environmental data analytics and semantic metadata linking enhance both the physical and digital safeguarding of cultural assets. AI-driven platforms support provenance verification, forgery detection and adaptive preventive conservation, ensuring sustainable stewardship of heritage collections. This paper reviews current AI tools and applications in heritage institutions and fine-art contexts, highlighting their role in improving conservation accuracy, accessibility and long-term resilience of artefacts.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the emissions of greenhouse gases in Bulgaria. The main sectors contributing to greenhouse gas emissions are identified and analyzed. A comparison of net greenhouse gas emissions in the country with the EU average is made and the contribution of the different sectors is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry sector. Recommendations are formulated for measures for sustainable reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in Bulgaria in the context of achieving the country’s goals by 2030 for net greenhouse gas removals in this sector.

National interest is a multidimensional, dynamic and interactive concept confirming the autonomous character of domestic, international and security policies. The aim of the article is to identify value perspectives for strengthening security policy in domestic and foreign policy using the example of the issue of Slovak national interest. The article consists of three parts: the introductory part reflects the theoretical frameworks of approaches to national interest, in the analytical part the current dilemmas of Slovak national interest are configured in the mutual extrapolation of the traditional and new dilemmas of state authority, the conclusion synthesizes the current challenges for an effective security strategy.

The main sources of green energy (GE) as the cleanest form of energy or types of renewable energy sources (RES) are: wind, water, sun and earth. And solar energy (SE), which originates from the Sun, is one of the cleanest and most efficient renewable energy sources (RES). While the world, especially in the most developed countries of the world, has advanced far in the application of various forms of green energy (GE), in Georgia this field is in its infancy and it is not possible to predict when the first major positive developments in this field will be made. The paper presents a trend analysis and examples of the use of solar energy (SE) in Georgia currently and with a forecast until 2030. According to the data on the plans of the state authorities (Ministry of Economy and Ministry of Energy of Georgia), the development and use of solar energy (SE) with a plan of 250 MW for 2025 will increase according to the forecast for 2030 to 810 MW, with a CAGR value of 26,51 [%] and to 1330 [MW] in 2040, with a CAGR index of 11,79 [%] for that period. (or app. 5.32 times today’s value). The paper also presents several examples of the use of solar energy (SE) in Georgia in various areas of application.

In the context of global environmental changes and the need for sustainable cultural policies, the preservation of written heritage is taking on a new dimension – combining effective conservation with a commitment to the environment. This report examines the principles of environmental sustainability in contemporary practices for the conservation and restoration of written collections, focusing on the application of so-called “green” methodologies – biodegradable materials, enzymatic solutions, anoxic disinfection, as well as energyefficient technologies in repositories. Special attention is paid to the concept of “green heritage”, understood not only as conservation with a minimal carbon footprint, but also as a strategic model for the long-term management of cultural resources. Examples from international practice that integrate sustainable solutions are analyzed. The report also highlights the challenges associated with the shortage of environmentally friendly materials, the need for a transdisciplinary approach and the need for educational policies aimed at building cultural and environmental sensitivity among specialists and the general public. In conclusion, the thesis is advocated that ecological sustainability is not an additional aspect, but an indispensable part of a new ethic in the preservation of written heritage – an ethic of respect for the past and responsibility for the future with care for the planet.
The report is under project No. KП-06-H90/6 dated 10.12.2024 on the topic: “Ecologically sustainable conservation strategy for written heritage” from the Scientific Research Fund, Competition for funding of fundamental scientific research – 2024. Supervised by Chief Asst. PhD Eng. Iskra Tsvetanska.

This study presents a data-driven exploration of the demographic evolution of Veliko Tarnovo from 1878 to 2024. By compiling population data from official census records and statistical yearbooks, the project builds a unified dataset covering nearly 150 years of urban development. The analysis focuses on population dynamics by gender and total population growth, identifying key periods of expansion and decline. The visualizations were developed using Power BI, providing an interactive and intuitive dashboard that enables users to explore trends, compare periods, and observe long-term demographic shifts. The study highlights a sharp population increase during the socialist era (1950s–1980s), followed by a significant decline in the post-1990 period, interpreted in the context of socioeconomic transformations and migration processes. The research offers both historical insight and a modern methodological approach, demonstrating how business intelligence tools can be effectively applied in urban demographic analysis and digital heritage projects.

Work in the public sector reflects democratic, economic, and social values as a whole. All institutions share the responsibility to deliver better value for citizens and businesses, thereby ensuring appropriate and meaningful sustainable economic and social development – i.e., prosperity for the Republic of N. Macedonia overall. For these reasons, this paper aims to define, establish, and highlight the importance of the public sector’s economic and social dimension, and to examine how, in both of its forms, that dimension affects motivation and job satisfaction among public-sector employees in the Republic of N. Macedonia.