Machines. Technologies. Materials.
Vol. 19 (2025), Issue 6

Table of Contents

  • MACHINES

    • Systematic Approach to Design Space Exploration of Pulley Supports Using Generative Design

      pg(s) 201-206

      By utilizing the artificial intelligence capabilities of generative design, the main task was to generate an optimal pulley support model that satisfies the initially applied conditions while reducing the overall mass and volume. The bracket fixation method presents a novel approach to pulley support assemblies. Through Static Stress and Generative Design modules, various angular load applications of 1500 N were considered, and the consequent mechanical characteristics were numerically compared and interpreted. The outcomes of the generative design process provide a firm basis for manufacturing the optimal pulley support model through casting or additive technology.

    • Behavior of a centrifugal fan for industrial applications – expedient practical tests

      pg(s) 207-212

      Paper deals with testing of a specific centrifugal fan under different conditions – changes in supply voltage and flow rate regulation by throttling, as well as the application of frequency control. A digital portable multifunctional device has been used for measuring and analyzing three-phase electrical circuits. Some intrinsic electrical variables have been measured and recorded, and others have been subsequently calculated. Comments, conclusions and recommendations have been done. The results obtained would be interesting for specialists dealing with this technical equipment.

    • Theoretical and experimental study of of screw conveyor safety mechanisms

      pg(s) 213-215

      The article presents the design of a finger safety clutch with axial withdrawal of a jammed screw to remove it from the overload zone. The theoretical dependences of determining the change in torque during the operation of the finger safety clutch on the angle of relative rotation of the half couplings and the design and technological parameters of the engagement elements are presented. On the basis of force and kinetostatic analysis of the coupling, the nature and magnitude of the change in their torque at all stages of relative rotation of the coupling halves were determined. The developed and manufactured prototypes of the finger safety coupling made it possible to conduct a set of experimental studies. For the safety clutch of a screw conveyor, based on the analysis of theoretical and experimental test data, the adequacy of theoretical calculations and actual values of torques during the mechanism operation was compared.

  • TECHNOLOGIES

    • A Deterministic Method for Controlling Out-Of-Plane Distortions by High Power Arc Welding

      pg(s) 216-220

      The Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is one of the main concepts associated to the Industry 4.0 framework. The paper aims at analyzing the futures and architecture and technologies of CPS, retracting it in form its general conceptualization, to the interpretation in high relevant problem of welding manufacturing in context of Industry 4.0. The most recent approaches are based on empirical models or AI and rely on experimental data collection. On the other hand, the actuator shell control a certain parameter or parameter set. Under close consideration of the state of the knowledge to the problem of out-of-plane welding distortions, the aspects related to data sensing and actuating process parameters are analysed. However, due to the intensive development of the welding techniques und machines as well as the increasing focus on lightweight design pose a challenge that enters an unstudied parameter domain. To address this problem, a study was carried out using a combination of experimental and numerical methods. Based on the obtained results, the existing analytical expressions are supplemented and put into discussion. Essential findings, as well as the correlations between the occurring out-of-plane distortions and the welding process conditions and parameters are emphasized. Thus, the level of knowledge and the range of application of the existing analytical models are extended. On this basis, the development of highly effective deterministic-driven CPS in the context of Industry 4.0 is advanced.

    • Stress intensity factor in rods under tension with twin semielliptical cracks

      pg(s) 221-224

      This study investigates the influence of distance and relative orientation of semi-elliptical twin surface cracks in cylindrical bars under tensile loading on the stress intensity factors (SIF). Finite element analysis was used to analyze the interactions between two identical cracks with different spacing (5-20 mm) and rotation angles (0°-180°). The results show that the crack orientation has a significant effect on the stress distribution patterns and stress intensity factor values, with a 45° rotation producing the highest SIF values, while a parallel orientation has a favorable shielding effect with significantly lower values. All configurations gradually converge to the reference value for a single crack at larger distances (20 mm), indicating decreasing interaction effects. These results can provide insights for the assessment of structural integrity, especially for components with multiple closely spaced defects, and provide a basis for the development of more accurate predictive models for fracture behavior in engineering applications.

    • Study of the influence of transition and rare earth oxide coatings on glasses for photovoltaic panels produced by the sol-gel method. A Review

      pg(s) 225-228

      The efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems is significantly influenced by surface contamination, which can reduce light transmission and energy conversion performance. In this study, self-cleaning nanostructured coatings based on titanium dioxide (TiO₂ ), zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂ ), and their doped and composite variants (with Y₂ O₃ and Eu₂ O₃ ) were synthesized using the sol-gel method and applied to photovoltaic glass substrates. The coatings were characterized in terms of their optical transmittance, surface morphology (AFM), wettability (contact angle), and crystallographic properties (XRD). Results indicate that TiO₂ coatings offer superior superhydrophilic behavior, while stabilized ZrO₂ -based composites show excellent transparency, surface homogeneity, and long-term durability. Eu₂ O₃ -doped coatings exhibit additional luminescent functionalities, potentially useful for photonic enhancement. These findings highlight the potential of sol-gel coatings in improving PV panel performance via integrated passive cleaning mechanisms and multifunctional surface engineering.

    • Comprehensive Analysis of Laser Welding Advancements

      pg(s) 229-231

      Laser welding has become an indispensable manufacturing process, revolutionizing industries from automotive to medical devices with its precision, speed, and versatility. This advanced technique, which uses a high-intensity laser beam to melt and fuse materials, has seen significant technological advancements in recent years. These developments have expanded its applications, improved weld quality, and enhanced process control, making laser welding a cornerstone of modern manufacturing. This article provides an in-depth overview of the latest scientific developments in laser welding, including advancements in laser sources, process monitoring and control, material compatibility, applications, future directions, and challenges. It also integrates the most recent research from 2024 and 2025 to ensure the content reflects cutting-edge trends and innovations.

  • MATERIALS

    • Study of the influence of combined thermomechanical processing modes on the mechanical properties of economically alloyed steel 5KHV2S

      pg(s) 232-234

      Despite the rapid development of metallurgical processes for the production of semi-finished products aimed at improving the modes of smelting, casting and crystallization, a significant improvement in the properties of any cast metal, ensuring its wide application in modern mechanical engineering, is achieved by combined thermomechanical processing of workpieces, combining hot metal forming and heat treatment. The technologies and equipment currently used in Kazakhstan by machine-building manufacturers have long been obsolete and ineffective. A common problem for everyone is the high energy intensity of production, its low productivity and the quality of forgings and blanks produced, which leaves much to be desired. Namely forgings and blanks are the starting materials for the manufacture of highquality tools and technological equipment at mining and metallurgical engineering enterprises. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to develop rational modes of thermal and thermochemical processing of 5KHV2S steel, previously forged in a tool that implements alternating strain in metal, as well as to study the influence of combined thermomechanical processing modes on the mechanical properties of this steel. The studies carried out in this work on the hardness of 5KHV2S steel samples subjected to combined thermomechanical processing showed that the developed technologies contributed to an increase in both total and surface hardness compared with samples not subjected to preforging in a new forging tool that implements alternating strain in the metal.