International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Most important of fuel economy research and vehicle industry today is to find a unique fuel with high calorific value and low tail pipe emissions . in this research a good effort was spent to find a solution for automotive industry by presenting a new fuel which was extracted from Citrullus and presented as handle seeds oil to be used as bio fuel in internal combustion engine, which is very important issue for automotive industry . The importance of extracting Handel oil has led to investigate the characteristics of chemical and physical properties of new fuel, such as density, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, which will help of controlling the composition of biofuel and improve the fuel quality which can be used in internal combustion engines . The two important processes were used for biodiesel production are Esterification and Transesterification.

The development of a combustion concept for hydrogen-fuelled high-speed large engines requires a suitable development methodology, including the interaction between 1D and 3D simulation as well as experimental investigations on research engines. The main subject of this paper is the development of one-dimensional single cylinder and multi cylinder engine models used for turbo matching and to gain a better understanding of combustion anomalies. The latter are especially affected by the mixture formation process which is investigated by means of 3D CFD simulations for port fuel injection and direct injection engine operation. Boundary conditions are generated based on experimental investigations on a single cylinder research engine with displacement of about 6 liters. The paper concludes with an assessment of the benefits and limitations of different engine configurations.

The paper will discuss and analyze the values of ecological and efficient indicators of standard fuels used in marine vehicles, and their negative impact on the surrounding environment. Reasons for the deterioration of environmental indicators, considering the processes that occur in the engine and the properties of the fuel. The paper also discusses environmental and economic indicators by using various fuel additives. Marine internal combustion engines’ most important operational characteristics are reliability, fuel efficiency and environment safety indicators, which depend on complex design and operational factors. One of the most important factors is the quality of diesel fuel. The physical and chemical properties of fuel affect the mixture formation and combustion processes in diesel cylinders, the completeness of the combustion of the fuel mixture, fuel efficiency, the content of harmful substances in engine exhaust gases, fuel supply equipment and cylinder parts – (piston group) and others. The most common way to ensure diesel fuel’s required properties is to bring multifunctional additives into practice. An overview of the most modern diesel fuel additives will be presented based on the results of the patent search, which ensures improved formation of the mixture and complete combustion of fuel, The article will also present information about the chemical composition of additives and the effectiveness of their mechanism of action. Dependence on ignitability and structure of air-fuel mixture is described in the paper. Foreign manufacturers of diesel fuel additives are indicated. Tests conducted on four-stroke high-speed diesel engines made it possible to determine that the use of an additive (“Nagro Boost”) provides a reduction in effective fuel consumption by 3-7% and does not increase harmful effects in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines when the engine operates with load and screw characteristics. A conclusion is made about the perspectives of using these and other additives to increase the fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness of internal combustion engines.

The main subject of this paper is the development of a multicylinder engine model for the prediction of knocking combustion and emissions such as nitrogen oxide and unburned hydrocarbons based on one-dimensional simulation. The one-dimensional simulation is widely used for combustion system layout and determination of operating parameters to achieve performance targets and comply with emission limits. The paper focuses especially on the prediction of the unburned fuel mass from the combustion process and from the scavenging during the valve overlap. The calibration of the sub-models is based on measurements on a single cylinder research engine with a displacement of approximately 6 litres. The simulation results are validated with experimental measurement results on the same research engine. The paper concludes with statements about the predictive capability of the model.

Hydrogen has a good environmental performance, high energy characteristics, high burning rate and low ignition temperature. In case of using hydrogen as a primary fuel in an internal combustion engine, there is a drop in power and detonation combustion at high load modes, so hydrogen is best used in a composition with the primary fuel.
In the mode of partial load, the hydrogen content in the fuel mixture decreases, and it should decrease as the load increases, and in the mode of full load, its amount is minimal, which will allow us to maintain the power characteristics, otherwise the power will decline. The main thing is to know in which mode what should be the ratio of hydrogen and the primary fuel, which ensures the normal flow of the operation process, which will result in primary fuel economy and reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases.
Based on the studies conducted, we can conclude that it is preferable for the engine to work with a high content of hydrogen in the fuel
mixture at no load and at light loads, its concentration should decrease as the load increases.

This paper presents an energy analysis of main and auxiliary steam turbines from conventional coal fired power plant. Main turbine is composed of three cylinders connected to the same shaft which drives an electric generator, while auxiliary steam turbine is used for the boiler feedwater pump drive. The whole analyzed main steam turbine produces mechanical power equal to 312.34 MW, while in an ideal situation, it can produce mechanical power equal to 347.28 MW. The highest part of the mechanical power in the main turbine is produced in the low pressure cylinder. Auxiliary steam turbine in exploitation develops mechanical power equal to 6768.94 kW, while in an ideal situation it can develop 8029.03 kW. Whole main turbine energy efficiency is equal to almost 90% what is in the expected range for such high power turbines. The auxiliary steam turbine has an energy efficiency equal to 84.31%, which is almost 6% lower in comparison to the main turbine. Energy flows delivered to the last two feedwater heaters (HPH2 and HPH3) in the condensate/feedwater heating system are notably higher in comparison to energy flows delivered to any other condensate/feedwater heater.

In diesel engines, the fuel mixture consisting of liquefied gas and hydrogen is prepared, and a process corresponding to the gasdiesel cycle is implemented, where methanol or diesel fuel are used as an explosive fuel, as a result of which the self-ignition delay period is reduced, and the fuel combustion duration during active combustion is reduced as well. That is, the limits of the working mixture combustion are expanded (hybrid combustion), the mixture formation process is improved, and the cycle carried out in the engine is closer to the Otto cycle, which improves the environmental and efficient indicators of diesel engine compared to the gas-diesel engine, where diesel fuel is used as an explosive fuel, which makes it possible for diesel engine to run: only on liquefied gas; only on hydrogen, only on a diesel fuel or on a combination of different fuel mixtures.

Damage to the turbocharger of the 8400kW diesel engine, which had operated about 66 640 running hours, has caused off hire of the vessel for 10 days and the turbocharger repair had cost more than half a million euros. The study performed on this work consi sts of evaluating the consequences of the low turbocharger performance on the fuel oil consumption and the reasons for this. Specific data were collected and analysed in order to create an appropriate mathematical model between the studied parameters. Measurements and data collected were performed a month before turbocharger damage and after the TC overhaul (with new cartridge). As results can be concluded that losses in turbocharger performance is very important for the efficient operation of the main engine, they must be monitored and analysed.

In this paper, two-cylinder steam turbine, which operates in nuclear power plant is analyzed from the energy viewpoint. Along with the whole turbine, energy analysis is performed for each turbine cylinder (High Pressure Cylinder – HPC and Low Pressure Cylinder – LPC). A comparison of both cylinders shows that the dominant mechanical power producer is LPC, which also has much higher energy loss and much lower energy efficiency. Therefore, any potential improvement of this steam turbine should be based dominantly on th e LPC, which also has a dominant influence on energy analysis parameters of the whole observed turbine. The whole turbine produces real (polytropic) mechanical power equal to 1247.69 MW, has energy loss equal to 352.70 MW and energy efficiency equal to 77.96%. According to obtained energy efficiency value it can be concluded that the whole analyzed steam turbine is comparable to main marine propulsion steam turbines, while its energy efficiency is much lower in comparison to steam turbines from conventional steam power plant s which operates by using superheated steam.

In the present publication it is considered the technology and the features of the operation of the newly introduced in the marine industry wide spreading dual fuel four stroke engines. There are analysed the significant differences between the conventional Diesel engines and the dual fuel Otto engines in their operation process. The influence of the gas fuel quality in the case of the dual fuel engines is in the main concern underlined. Simulation based experiment is carried out for data attaining, related to the performance of the dual fuel engines influenced by the fuel quality on high load range. The acquired data is analysed, and evaluation of the engine derating outcome is performed. On the base of the results are stated conclusions and recommendations to be followed by the engineering crew members dealing with such kind of engines on board LNG fuelled ships.

The main subject of this paper is the development of a multicylinder engine model for the prediction and optimization of engine performance based on one-dimensional (1D) simulation. 1D simulation is widely used to preoptimize engine geometry and operating parameters to achieve performance targets and comply with operational and emission constraints. Due to the short calculation times, 1D simulation allows the evaluation of a larger number of variants. As new engine concepts are developed, many operating parameters are first defined and optimized with a 1D multicylinder engine model. This model illustrates the full complexity of the engine with its geometry, turbocharging and combustion parameters. In this paper the design of experiments (DoE) method is used in connection with 1D simulation to determine the optimal engine configuration as well as parameters related to the combustion process, i.e., valve timing, compression ratio, ignition timing, excess air ratio. This approach enables the determination of the maximum engine efficiency while taking the boundary conditions and the constraints of nitrogen oxide emissions (NOx) and knock into account. The method also enables the reduction of the cylinder-to-cylinder deviations by improving the gas dynamics and the fuel metering in the main combustion chamber and in the prechamber, which is especially important for the multicylinder engine. The simulation results are validated with experimental investigations on a single cylinder research engine.

Normally, maritime, air and surface transport assets powered by internal combustion engines are the major sources of chemical, biological and physical pollution of the environment. In the meantime, oil shortage and world oil prices are rising every year, which raises questions on the use of alternative energy sources that are not fossil fuels.
At the present time, natural gas as one of the types of fuel is widely and successfully used in surface transport owing to the availability of their sufficient reserves and good thermophysical characteristics. The article deals with the prospects for natural gas production in the sea and the possibilities of utilizing its energy source in small-capacity marine and river transport equipment in both diesel-cycle and directly converted to natural gas-powered diesel engines.