Industry 4.0
Vol. 11 (2026), Issue 3

Table of Contents

  • TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS OF “INDUSTRY 4.0”

    • Using Digital Twins in the Engineering Industry: A Comprehensive Overview

      pg(s) 104-107

      Digital twin technology has rapidly evolved into a foundational pillar of modern engineering practice. By creating high-fidelity, data-driven virtual replicas of physical systems, digital twins enable continuous monitoring, predictive analytics, and advanced optimization throughout the lifecycle of assets. This extended article expands on the conceptual, technical, and practical dimensions of digital twins, providing deeper insights into architectures, data frameworks, integration strategies, real-world case studies, economic implications, and emerging research directions.

    • Hybrid ai architecture for autonomous structural inspection using multimodal llms

      pg(s) 108-111

      This paper proposes a hybrid artificial intelligence architecture for autonomous structural inspection using unmanned aerial vehicles, multimodal large language models and image embeddings. A UAV is an unmanned aerial vehicle; in this paper it denotes a drone carrying imaging sensors for close visual inspection of infrastructure assets. Images are uploaded to Azure cloud storage, transformed into multimodal evidence and evaluated by a Microsoft Foundry agent under deterministic risk rules. A preliminary simulated benchmark shows improved recall, fewer false alerts and shorter engineer review time while preserving auditable human-supervised decisions.

    • Trace Reciprocity under Measurable Decomposition for Trace-Class Endofunctors. Introduction to Trace Reciprocity Framework

      pg(s) 112-115

      Trace theory is a fundamental tool in linear algebra, spectral theory, homological algebra, and related areas of modern mathematics. While the additivity of trace is classical in finite-dimensional settings, a unified structural principle for its behavior under measurable decomposition is less explicitly formulated across categorical and analytic frameworks. [8,9].
      The paper introduces a compact trace reciprocity framework for trace-class exact endofunctors admitting measurable decomposition over a σ-finite measure space. Under suitable measurability, integrability, and boundedness assumptions, the global trace can be recovered from the local traces of the measurable components. The report summarizes the formal setting, states the main theorem, and outlines the proof strategy based on approximation by simple families, trace additivity, and convergence arguments. [6,4]
      Representative examples are included to show how the framework recovers familiar identities in finite-dimensional and operator-theoretic settings. The goal is to provide a concise conference-style presentation of the main reciprocity principle, its mathematical scope, and its structural significance. [7,3]
      Keywords – Trace theory; trace reciprocity; measurable decomposition; trace-class endofunctors; stable categories; exact endofunctors; categorical invariants; operator theory.

  • DOMINANT TECHNOLOGIES IN “INDUSTRY 4.0”

    • Determination of the stress-strain state of an aircraft wing twisted around its spar

      pg(s) 116-122

      This paper examines an improved method for calculating the stiffness and strength of a pre-twisted wing for special-purpose aircraft. These wings represent a type of adaptive wing, the development of which is the subject of active research in many industrialized countries due to the pressing need for improved aerodynamic performance. Such wings are intended for use in experimental aircraft to determine the influence of their aerodynamic parameters over a wide range of angles of attack during twisting during takeoff, landing, and, most importantly, during cruising flight for complex missions. For example, during rescue operations in hard-to-reach areas or the use of military aircraft for special defense missions.
      Such variable-geometry wings require comprehensive research using modern methods of strength of materials and elasticity theory. In this regard, the problem being solved is one of the main fundamental issues of structural mechanics of special-purpose aircraft.

    • Hermodynamic analysis of helium closed-cycle gas tubine plant with nuclear reactor as the main heater

      pg(s) 123-126

      In this paper is performed exergy and isentropic analysis of a helium closed-cycle gas turbine plant and all its main components. In the real operating conditions, turbine produces mechanical power equal to 546.27 MW, turbocompressor consumes mechanical power of 268.74 MW and the useful mechanical power delivered for the electric generator drive is equal to 277.53 MW. The highest possible mechanical power which can theoretically be delivered for the electrical generator drive (ideal useful mechanical power) is equal to 351.89 MW. Helium gas turbine is the component in the observed plant which has the lowest exergy destruction (9.40 MW) and the highest exergy efficiency (98.31%) of all components. Precooler has the lowest exergy efficiency of all plant components, equal to 47.66% only. Due to the usage of cooling water, precooler exergy parameters are highly sensitive to the ambient temperature change. Whole analyzed plant has exergy destruction of 261.79 MW and exergy efficiency of 48.69%, what is in the same range as for the comparable closed-cycle gas turbine plants.

    • Optimal Control Of Electrohydraulic Positioning System

      pg(s) 127-130

      This work presents a study of applicability of optimal control theory to the design of a electrohydraulic power transmission. The system involve hydraulic cylinder, loaded with time-variable force and two-stage electrohydraulic servovalve, including elasticity of steal cylinder and tubing and compressibility of oil. An optimal control low has been formulated with performance index requiring maximum quickness and output power and minimum control energy. The obtained optimal low can be used for industrial optimal automatic controller. There are shown optimal dynamic processes for different initial conditions and loading force.

    • Preparation and investigation of zr–ti–sm–nd–al oxide coatings on glass via sol–gel method and dip-coating technique

      pg(s) 131-134

      In the present study, multicomponent Zr–Ti–Sm–Nd–Al oxide coatings were successfully synthesized via the sol–gel method and deposited on glass substrates using the dip-coating technique. The preparation procedure involved the formation of stable precursor sols and oxides based on zirconium, titanium, samarium, neodymium, and aluminum compounds, followed by controlled hydrolysis, aging, multilayer deposition, and thermal treatment at 430 °C. The obtained coatings were investigated with respect to their structural, compositional, and optical properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and UV–VIS–NIR spectroscopy. The experimental results demonstrated the successful formation of uniform and transparent oxide layers with thicknesses ranging from approximately 39 to 57 nm, depending on the number of deposited layers. XRD analysis revealed the presence of nanocrystalline monoclinic ZrO2 as the dominant crystalline phase, while no separate crystalline phases related to Ti, Sm, Nd, or Al oxides were detected, suggesting homogeneous incorporation of the dopants into the oxide matrix. Optical characterization showed high transmittance in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions, close to that of the untreated glass substrate, indicating the suitability of the coatings for optical and photovoltaic applications. The incorporation of rare-earth and aluminum-containing species contributes to improved structural stability and functional performance of the coatings. The obtained results confirm that the combined sol–gel and dip-coating approach is an effective route for the fabrication of multifunctional transparent oxide coatings with potential application as durable self-cleaning and protective layers for photovoltaic panels and related optical systems.

  • BUSINESS & “INDUSTRY 4.0”

    • Model for implementing blockchain in the supply chain for product traceability in support of industry 4.0

      pg(s) 135-138

      Blockchain technology is primarily implemented in the supply chain for disintermediation to reduce transactional fees. A secondary use case is for product traceability. A key element in achieving Industry 4.0 within the supply chain includes the use of blockchain for product traceability. To do this, questions arise concerning critical success factors for implementation and their interaction. This research evaluates a potential relationship between identified critical success factors and uses those relationships to design a model for successfully implementing product traceability in the supply chain through blockchain. This research also evaluates the impact certain factors, such as organization size, revenue, or type of industry may have on which critical success factors are most important for implementing blockchain in the supply chain.

    • Elements of the Risk Management Process in a Seaport

      pg(s) 139-145

      Having as an initial motive a very high level of importance of the risk related parameters and their relevance for the overall decision making, in this paper are taken into consideration some elements of the risk management process in a seaport. In order to establish bases for the research, a literature overview was carried out with special attention on different approaches to defining phases of the risk management process in a port, variety of classification manners of risks, techniques for assessing risk, national (in Montenegro) and international regulation used as a base for structuring and functioning of a risk management system in the field of safety and health on work. Using DEA CCR input oriented method, intensity of impact of the risk related inputs (number of workers directly engaged in the cargo handling process, berth length, water depth, operation costs) on the berth efficiency is analyzed, having as a base date series from a concrete dry bulk cargo terminal in a seaport. Results indicate that risk related input parameters, of various characters, causing intensive variations in berths efficiency scores. An approach proposed in this paper can be implemented in other ports as well as in other systems for investigating intensity of impact of risk related influential factors on parameters which characterize their functioning.

  • SOCIETY & ”INDUSTRY 4.0”

    • Digital Competencies of Healthcare Professionals in Healthcare Organizations: A PRISMA-Based Systematic Literature Review

      pg(s) 146-149

      The digital transformation of healthcare systems is significantly changing the way healthcare organizations operate and healthcare is delivered. The rapid development of digital technologies has increased the demand for digital competencies among healthcare professionals and managers. These competencies are essential for the effective implementation and use of digital technologies in healthcare. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze the key digital competencies required in healthcare organizations in the context of digital transformation. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA methodology to identify relevant scientific publications focused on digital competencies in healthcare. The analysis focuses on the digital skills and competencies of healthcare professionals and managers. The findings highlight the importance of digital literacy, data management, information security, and continuous professional development. The study contributes to an understanding of how healthcare organizations can better prepare their employees for digital transformation.

    • Digital Profiling and 3D Representation of Traditional Bulgarian Belt Buckles (Pafti): A Cultural Data Approach in the Context of Industry 4.0

      pg(s) 150-153

      This study presents a framework for the digital profiling and online representation of traditional Bulgarian belt buckles (pafti) through the integration of structured cultural data and accessible 3D visualization approaches. The research is positioned within the context of Industry 4.0, where digital transformation, data-driven methodologies, and virtual representation increasingly influence the preservation and interpretation of cultural heritage. Traditional ethnographic artifacts are often documented through fragmented textual descriptions and static photographs, limiting their accessibility and analytical potential in digital environments. The proposed approach combines ethnographic documentation with data structuring and digital visualization techniques. Cultural attributes such as regional affiliation, ornamentation, material composition, decorative elements, and object form are organized into a structured descriptive model suitable for digital analysis and presentation. In parallel, the study applies a low-cost photogrammetry workflow for creating a digital representation of selected artifacts, supported by online visualization through a web-based environment and QR-based access. The results demonstrate how traditional cultural objects can be transformed into structured digital entities that support visualization, accessibility, and interactive exploration. The study highlights the potential of combining cultural heritage research with digital technologies in order to create accessible models for the preservation and presentation of ethnographic artifacts within contemporary digital ecosystems.