International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

The methodological principles for the implementation of the concept of multilevel modification of polymer matrices by components with given energy parameters to obtain nanocomposites with a synergistic com-bination of performance characteristics have been developed.
These principles based on:
– established crystal-chemical prerequisites for the natural and synthetic carbon-, metal- and silicon-containing semi-finished products choice for the directed formation of active nanosized particles with given structural, morphological and energy parameters under optimal technological impact (mechanical and chemical, thermal, laser);
– implementation of the conditions for the energetic compliance of nanomodifiers to the prevailing mechanism for the formation of the optimal structure of polymer, oligomer and blend matrices at various levels of organization – molecular, supramolecular and interphase;
– creating the conditions for the reveal of the prevailing mechanisms of interphase physical and chemical interactions of components with the formation of boundary layers of the optimal structure, which deter-mine the mechanisms of destruction of products from nanocomposites under various operational factors impact;
– achieving the conditions for the synergistic effect of structuring by using a complex of modifiers with a certain combination of parameters of dimensional, geometric and energy characteristics.

Methodological approaches to the implementation of the nanostate phenomenon in the formation of the optimal structure of composite materials and metal-polymer systems at different levels of organization have been developed. The concept of energy and technological compliance of functional composite materials and systems components, which determines the optimal parameters of stressstrain, adhesion and tribological properties under technological influences on the components in the process of obtaining composite and its processing, is proposed.

The analysis of the mechanisms of implementation of the concept of multilevel modification in materials science and technolog y of polymer nanocomposites is carried out. It has been shown that the mechanisms of structure formation at the molecular, supramolecular and interfacial levels in nanocomposite materials based on industrial polymers of the class of polyamides, polyolefins, fluoropla stics modified by components that implement the nanostate phenomenon are based on:
– the formation of adsorption physical bonds in the boundary surface due to the energy interaction of active centers of nanosized particles with various shapes and components of the surface layer, which change the parameters of the rheological, stress-strain and adhesive characteristics of the composites;
– the demonstration of a structuring action by nanosized particles and components of the surface layer of particles, which mani fests itself in the form of supramolecular and interphase ordering, physical compatibilization and non-chain stabilization, which increase the thermodynamic compatibility of the components of polymer-polymer and polymer-oligomer blends and inhibit thermo-oxidative and destructive processes in composites, causing a non-additive increase of the parameters of their stress-strain, adhesive and tribological characteristics.

Debye’s temperature θ_D is the temperature border between areas, C_μ^V(Т) has constant value and, when T<θ_D, begins to decrease monotonically. θ_D is the crystal parameter, which allows to calculate the dimensional border between macro- and nanostates. The statement which is found in scientific discussions that θ_D depends on temperature is incorrect because it contradicts modern crystal-physical theories. The numerical value θ_D is defined experimentally and is related to the structure of crystals and to the processes taking place in them.

On the basis of modern concepts of condensed matter physics and quantum physics considered the criteria for inclusion ofdispersed particles of different composition, structure, and technological background to nanomodifiers of polymeric, oligomeric and combined matrices. There were proposed an analytical expression for the evaluation of limiting size of the dispersed particles L₀, which characterizes the manifestation of a particular energy state – nanostate.There was implemented the analysis of experimental and literature data confirming the adequacy of the calculated value of the size of particles in nanostate obtained using relation L₀=230•θ_D^-1/2, where θ_D – Debye temperature. It is shown that the provision of effective modification of macromolecular matrices necessary and sufficient condition is the presence of dispersed particles of different composition and structure of nanoscale structural fragments of the surface layer, which ensure the implementation of synergies through a combination of energy and mechanical factors in the formation of boundary layers of the optimal structure.

There were considered the physical, structural and morphological prerequisites for the realization of the nanostate phenomenon of dispersed particles of condensed matter of different composition, nature and technology for production. It was shown the role of the size factor in the occurrence of the nanostate phenomenon due to the change of the energy parameters of the surface layers of particles that contribute to their effective modifying effect on the high-molecular matrix. Physical models of the formation of a particular energy state of dispersed particles and metallic and non-metallic materials substrates, characterized by the presence of local areas ("charge-mosaic") with a long relaxation time are proposed.It was considered practical application of the nanostate phenomenon when creating high-strength and wear-resistant materials based on thermoplastic matrices (PA6, PTFE, PET), consistent lubricant and lubricating oils, tribological and protective coatings for friction units and metalwares used in mechanical engineering, automotive and mining engineering. It was made the examples of the effective use of developed nanocomposite materials in practice.