International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Misfortunes bring people together. Wars, the Covid pandemic, pollution of the environment in which we live. According to a report from “Lancet”, nine million people die from pollution every year. The number of deaths from air pollution and chemical pollution has increased by 60% over the past two decades. Climate change took its toll in 2022 as well (floods, fires, earthquakes, drought and heat, melting glaciers). Uncontrolled urbanization and population growth are also causes. The number of people killed and injured in traffic accidents has also increased. It doesn’t have to be driven faster than life.
The war in Ukraine has been going on for a long time. The Russian auto industry will develop without Western partners (“Lada” model). Several of the largest German car manufacturers have decided to padlock their plants in Russia.
During September 2022, a rally was held in Serbia through four cities, Aranđelovac, Topola, Mladenovac and Belgrade. About 50 timeless vehicles visited these cities. There is also a small museum in Arandjelovac where the oldest car is a “Dodge” from 1924, a “Willys” from 1927, a “Chevrolet” from 1928, a “Pontiac” from 1929 and a “Mercedes” from 1934. Passing the Law on Old-timers will contribute to the preservation and increase of this cultural treasure, and it will make registration and acquisition easier for the owners.
In the new 2023. year, representatives of the Independent Trade Union of the “Fiat Chrysler Cars” factory (FCA) in Kragujevac announced on January 9th that they expect preparations for the start of electric vehicle production to continue with greater intensity in the new year. At the same time, the well-known “Tesla” company was fined about 2.2 million dollars, because it did not inform its customers of electric vehicles about the shorter driving range of their electric vehicles at low temperatures. The American electric vehicle maker’s coldweather driving range drops up to 50.5% compared to how they are advertised online (no mention of range loss in sub-zero temperatures).

This paper focuses on actual knowledge of the effects of changes in infrastructure on modal split of different transport modes, as well as on knowledge of long-term evolution of modal split in areas with dynamic development of transport systems. Further it focuses on studies on relations between modal split and greenhouse emissions and on studies on social factors influencing travel behaviour. Important part of this article are summarisations of articles about changes of travel behaviour of inhabitants of locations, where was opened new transport infrastructure, with focus on new infrastructure intended for public transport.

The paper deals with the development of the unaccompanied combined transport (UCT), in Romania. Firstly, it presents statistics and performs a quantitative analysis, depicting a sharp decline of the UCT after 1990, its low weight in the total freight transport volumes and the main characteristics of the domestic traffic which has had a higher weight than in the neighbouring countries and is almost completely connected with the Port of Constanta. The qualitative analysis indicates a great weight of the empty boxes (generating higher costs and prices), the disappearance of several type of services during the time and the fact that the Port of Constanta has not become a real engine for UCT yet. The paper identifies as reasons for these evolutions the changes in the economy, the cancelation of the support measures implemented before 1990, the route competition, the competition with other ports at the Black Sea, the constraints for the transit through the Bosphorus Strait and the lack of practical support measures. It is interesting that the policies and the strategies before and after 1990 are practically identical, but the measures implemented before 1990 are not compliant with the European legislation. Secondly, th e paper performs a comparison between the UCT with rail legs and the road transport. The analysis depicts several structural, technical, and operational issues (poor status of the railway infrastructure and container terminals, the charges for the use infrastructure that are higher in the railway case and the investments in the roads) making UCT not attractive on the market. On the other hand, the calculations based on the method used in the Marco Polo Programme, respectively using the EcoTransit application indicate lower external costs and important savings in CO2 and other polluting gases. Thirdly, the paper deals with the possible support measures, emphasizing that the measures implemented in Austria could be models for the Romanian authorities. European legislation related to the state aids also need s revisions, so that it would not embarrass the transport policies. The main conclusion is that UCT could develop only if subsidies and other appropriate support measured would be implemented.

Environmental problems today are one of the most important and global indicators of human development. One of the consequences of the impact of agricultural machinery on natural resources is their pollution due to loss of fuel and lubricants and engine waste. The purpose of the research is to develop scientific and methodological bases for the selection of criteria for assessing the environmental safety of the diesel engine of an energy vehicle with the creation of an environmental safety management system. The scientific and methodological basis for assessing these factors is a systematic approach to solving environmental problems that arise during the operation of machine-tractor units and other agricultural energy resources. Estimation of the level of emissions of the main pollutants and toxic substances in exhaust gases can be defined by means of the regulatory characteristic of the engine depending on an operating mode of this engine. The optimal mode of operation of the engine YaMZ-236M2, from an environmental point of view, adopted 1450…1850 rpm. In this case, fuel consumption does not increase in this mode. It is possible to reduce the emissions of the most significant NOx exhaust element by limiting the engine speed to 90% of the nominal. CO and CH emissions at a given engine speed have not reached their maximum value.

There is an analysis of the major emergencies that occur in our daily lives. Technogenic emergency situations with the release of radioactive substances, separation of dangerous chemical substances and distribution of biological substances are briefly identified. Their impact on humans and the environment is shown and what action is needed to take in the event of an emergency with the release of radioactive substances and radiation.

The expansion of our needs in the space and many changes around us requires a change in attitude towards the environment. Research suggests that by 2030 in the world there will be 8.5 billion people. Planet is warming up and there is an increasing frequency of natural disasters: heat waves, floods, hurricanes. The public is aware that air pollution kills 3,3 million people per year. It is necessary to react quickly. In Paris at the end of 2015 the 21-st Conference of the UN on climate changes (COP 21) was held.

Serbian association of importers reported that in recent years in our country about 20.000 new cars and about 100.000 used cars was imported. In Serbia there is no laboratory that could to accurately test the amount of exhaust gas according to European standards in effect. In our country still is in force the Regulation on technical inspection from 1984, so the allowed values of exhaust gases are completely downgraded. Today, in our capital city Belgrade we have been working on the improvement the identity of capital, as well as mobility and ecology. In 1892. in Belgrade the first Belgrade’s tram – by a horse-drawn started, but during 2016, passengers will be transported by 5 electric buses of the Chinese company “Hager” with 10 years guarantee.

Hoping to realize the idea of manufacturers from all around the world, especially that pollution is reduced, and the environment in which we live protected, this work originates.

The growing marine pollution by oil strengthens the interest not only in the methods of combating their causes, but in methods of their forecasting as well on the basis of modeling and calculation of spreading oil spreading on the sea for some reason or other.

The paper dwells on a mathematical model of calculating the area of oil spill spreading. The developed methodology for calculating change in the radius and area of oil spill is represented by function of three arguments: oil product density ρ , spillover volume V and o spreading time t.

The proposed model allows forecasting the initial stages of oil spreading. The given methodology enables to determine transit time of the process of oil spill spreading from the first phase to the second one, and from the second to the third one, and the radius and area of oil spill spreading.

The paper presents analysis of hazards of sea environmental pollution by lubricating and hydraulic oils based on the west Pomeranian Sea fishing fleet. The analysis of hazards of environmental pollution has been presented here while on lubricating and hydraulic oils are used. The purpose of the Paper is to provide additional controls mitigate potential hazards.