International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

The primary function of the Azerbaijan Railways wagon fleet is to ensure the transportation process is continuously supplied with serviceable and operational wagons. Given the continuous growth in transit freight volumes along international transport routes passing through our country, Azerbaijan Railways CJSC successfully continues to modernize and expand its wagon fleet to ensure the efficient and safe transportation of goods. To this end, studying the wagon fleet structure, analyzing optimal wagon fleet utilization indicators, and determining the required number of wagon fleets are currently considered pressing issues. Accordingly, determining the structure of wagons within and outside the railway wagon fleet is of particular importance. Accounting for freight wagon fleets is crucial for regulating, standardizing, and utilizing the wagon fleet for its intended purpose in managing rail transport to meet the needs of the national economy for freight and passenger transportation. The operating freight car fleet includes both local cars operated by Azerbaijan Railways CJSC and transit freight cars from abroad located on the tracks of industrial enterprises. Efficient use of the freight car fleet is an important factor influencing the operational performance, cost structure, and service reliability of rail transport systems. This study develops a comprehensive methodological framework for determining the efficiency of the freight car fleet and proposes an integrated performance assessment model. Key performance indicators, including car turnaround time, technical availability, load factor, downtime rate, and daily productivity, are analytically formalized. An integrated performance function is proposed for assessing overall operational efficiency. The results demonstrate that reducing turnaround time, minimizing downtime, increasing technical availability, and implementing digital fleet management systems significantly improve the efficiency of rail freight transportation. The proposed model can be applied to comparative analysis, strategic planning, and optimization of rail crew work at railway enterprises

The paper presents a new model of an agricultural machine for combined soil tillage, designed mainly for pre-sowing soil preparation in field crop production and horticulture. The machine combines several technological operations in one pass: cutting and lifting of the untreated soil layer, crushing of soil clods, shredding of plant residues and regulated discharge of the processed material through a grid system. The proposed construction is based on a tractor-mounted implement with two rotating drums equipped with radial hammers, a wedge-shaped comb knife, an intermediate grid, an outlet grid and a rear cover for controlling the size of the processed soil aggregates. The expected increase in productivity is related to the replacement of several consecutive tillage operations with one combined pass, which may reduce field time, fuel consumption, labour input and soil compaction. Since experimental field data are not yet available, the paper also proposes a methodology for future testing, including evaluation of effective field capacity on the machine.

The article provides a rationale for an improved technological process for transporting grain from combine harvesters (GH) by a semitrailer-dump truck (STT), combined for field work with a tractor and a saddle trailer. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the minimum specific duration of harvesting and transport operations in the field is achieved when using a semi-trailer with a tractor to work with minimal time spent on the formation of transport units using a semi-automatic fifth wheel coupling.
We offer a technical solution, which consists in the temporary redistribution of the grain mass in the back of the STT during its transportation in the field. At the same time, the rear wheels of the STT are partially unloaded and do not compact the soil, and the saddle trailer, equipped with wide-profile low-pressure tires, takes on additional load without significant soil compaction.
The use of STTs operating by the semi-shuttle method in two parts: in the field and on the road section, increases the productivity of the harvesting and transport complex in 1.5 times.

The importance of industry 4.0 is increasing continuously in the apparel sector. The evolution in manufacturing with implementation of the new modes of production nowadays is widely known. The benefits that come from each new development in the digital information technology has to be fasten embraced. The main advantage is the improvements of the supply chain efficiency. The innovation based on the industry 4.0 allow companies to optimize their actual production systems and enhance more efficient processes. Smart manufacturing can help the apparel industry more specifically by making the concept of affordable mass customization in reality. This paper helps us understand how industry 4.0 affects manufacturers in the apparel industry. We are going to illustrate this through a case study in a garment factory. There are several ways of advanced digital technologies that can assure high efficiency in the production. The actual production process is batch flow and the company is implementing a new tool which is RFId (Radio-frequency identification or radiofrequency identification) technology. Connected an RFId Tag to a part of the product to be tracked, each piece can be monitored in real time, having all the location and traceability information and machine data in real time piece by piece. Items and products can be monitored as they move through the factory allowing for quick and automatic identification without errors. This allow to maximize the use of production resources and correctly optimize stocks of raw materials.

The present trend in the development of highly efficient technological equipment for the production of nanomaterials is being analysed. It is associated with the synthesis of energy-efficient control methods for the operating modes of electromechanical disintegrator of multifactorial action. As a result of genetic modelling, the deterministic relationship between the genetic information of generative electromechanical chromosomes, structure of the resulting magnetic flux in the active zone of electromechanical disintegrator and its functional operating modes has been established. According to the results of structural synthesis, methods for technical implementation of energy-efficient modes of material processing, which ensure the increase of productivity of the electromechanical disintegrator, have been optimized and developed. The credibility of theoretical results was confirmed by experimental studies.

The article proposes a fundamentally new design of a resource-saving, anti-erosion unit that significantly improves the quality of soil tillage in cultivating agricultural crops, improves the productivity of the plow, significantly eliminates soil erosion and reduces the fuel consumption of the tractor by reducing the traction resistance.
The construction of the unit and the principle of its operation are described in detail. It can be successfully used both in plain and in mountainous terrain.
Characteristic similarity criteria and a criterion equation for studying the traction force of the proposed unit are obtained and their physical meaning is revealed

The problem of updating agricultural technology, particularly in the field of agriculture, is important for agriculture. Alternative technology solutions that meet the performance criteria are a prerequisite for successful economic activity.
The aim of the study is to determine the effect of the application of an agro-technical complex of events, which successfully supports the soil fertility of the Planosoils and the sustainable level of productivity of the field crops.
In the field experiment in the station for irrigation agricultural Pazardzhik Valley, in three-polar crop rotation maize-barley-rape are studied three factors – soil tillage system, mineral fertilization and ways of managing plant residues.
The study found that the moisture content of the soil was mainly influenced by the type of treatment applied (loosening as a main plow and plowing as a pre-sowing) and the use of plant residues. The over compaction found in the beginning of the experiment in the 25-40 cm layer is partly overcome by performing a deep rupture to the depth of 35 cm. Despite the short period of the study, there was a certain decrease in the content of digestible potassium forms. The results show the activation of the microbiological activity after planting of the plant residues – an increase of the amount of the cellulose microorganisms and of the ammonifiable bacteria, the most noticeable in the high fertilization rate and the intensive treatments. The main part in the formation of crop rotation productivity is mineral fertilization. The impact of the tillage system is more marked in the first year of maize and especially during the third year of rape. Lack of fertilization influences yields significantly in rapeseed compared to maize and barley.

Researchs of the influence of the soil particles were perfomed on the powder loamy soil to powder clay texture. Standard and welded ploughshares were tested. The standard ploughshares are made of steel 50Mn7. The welded ploughshares are made by applying C-Cr-

Co-Ni-Si additional material on the steel 50Mn7. The ploughshares are tested on the plough roller machine. Researches were perfomed in periods of 120, 240 and 360 hours of ploughing, or 60, 120 and 180 work hours of each ploughshare. After 180 hours of work at least average reduction of the ploughshares lenght was at welded ploughshares and it amounted to 8,27 % of the initial length. At the same time reduced the average length of the top of the ploughshares with standard ploughshares amounted to 19,65 % of the initial length. It was concluded that the application of welded ploughshares can contribute to increased of the productivity.

All European countries including Bulgaria need to promote the entrepreneur spirit through young people, to encourage the creation of new business and to stabilize the institutional and culture environment for innovations. The encouragement and advancement of present and future entrepreneurs (mostly young people) is a basic mechanism to revive the Bulgarian economy and ground the post crisis development. Using a survey is made an investigation through young people with bachelor degree in economics and their readiness for entrepreneurship. Findings from this study indicate that there are many challenges and problems that are an obstacle to start business in Bulgaria but many young people have motivation for entrepreneurship.

The quality of the flat and cylindrical surfaces of the gear pump pinions is a restrictive condition for a suitable work. The required quality of these surfaces is very high, R = 0,04 – 0,08 µm. As well, there are restrictive conditions input for the form and positioning a deviations. So far, the manufacturing of these surfaces used to be achieved by grinding and no one could guarantee that the surface roughness was in accordance with the technical documentation. The presented constructive solution allows obtaining a good quality of the flat and cylindrical surfaces. It uses a superfinishing attachment that can be mounted on the engine lathe.

Robot assembling is flexible and it enables a stable and high-quality assembly. It enables a constant improvement and an easy multiplication. This report represents an idea for adding functionalities in a robot complex for assembling flame detectors in the firm “UniPOS” and it analyses the benefits of this. The main aims for a development of the existing robot complex for assembling are: decreasing the production prime cost; reducing the manual labor that is connected to loading components; increasing the use of the robot complex; reducing the cycle time and increasing the productivity of the robot complex; increasing the quality of the manufactured products. The additional functionalities are accomplished in parallel with the main ones in assembling and they are at the expense of running all robots in the complex and their use only for assembling (not for loading the components).

Modern products become more and more complex and along with this, the requirements for reducing time-to-market and costs are increasing continually. The demand for customized products is growing at the same rate, as well as the search for more effective and efficient utilization of resources and energy, which is already a distinguish feature of industrial development nowadays. In turn, increased agility and velocity of production processes significantly increase the requirements for modern production systems. In order for industrial companies to survive and keep their competitiveness in such a dynamic environment, they must not only increase their productivity, but to improve their operations strategy in terms of agility as well, offering their goods and services. Latter puts new challenges to modern companies.