International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

The report analyzes the nature of the Internet of Things (IoT), presents a basic architectural model of IoT, and categorizes IoT according to various criteria. The most famous IoT security breaches are presented. The vulnerabilities that led to the security breaches and the scale and consequences of the impact of the breach are analyzed. Overview and analysis of IoT security breaches are the subject of this research. The main threats and vulnerabilities are systematize and the response of the world community is tracked

This paper explores the pivotal role of technology and innovation in enhancing the resilience of Bulgaria’s critical infrastructure. It examines the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, digital twins, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), cyber-physical systems (CPS), and big data analytics in sectors like hazardous waste management, border security, and airport security. By analyzing case studies and current implementations, the paper highlights the successes and challenges faced in adopting these technologies. The study also discusses the importance of public-private partnerships and regulatory frameworks in fostering an environment conducive to technological innovation. The findings underscore the necessity for continuous investment in technology to safeguard critical infrastructure against emerging threats and to ensure long-term sustainability.

Many of the devices in the IoT group process personal information or information enabling profiling or revealing the identity of natural persons. Naturally, the question of the security of this information and compliance with the legal requirements for the protection of the personal data of natural persons and their inviolability arises. The study defined the main issues related to the protection of personal data, identified threats and risks to the security and privacy of information processed by IoT devices.

Unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are gaining traction in various fields, from oceanographic research to defence applications, due to their versatility and autonomy. This preliminary study explores the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology and beamforming techniques to enhance the sensory capabilities of UUVs. The study delves into the evolving landscape of sensory systems, emphasising the incorporation of IoT to enable seamless data exchange, real-time monitoring and adaptive decision making. It also examines the use of beamforming techniques in directional sonar sensing, highlighting their role in improving target detection, localisation and tracking capabilities in underwater environments. By synthesising current research and technological trends, this review provides valuable insights into the synergistic integration of IoT and beamforming techniques to enhance the capabilities of UUV sensor systems for diverse applications.

This work showcases a distributed noise monitoring system used for measuring noise levels both inside and outside of buildings in urban environments. The system utilises single board computers as main operating units which handle the measurement of parameters and communication. The noise monitoring stations can measure instantaneous and long-term acoustic noise levels, as well as atmospheric parameters such as atmospheric pressure, air temperature and humidity. Measurement stations are connected to an external server via the MQTT protocol. The external server allows for the recording of data into a secure database, as well as for providing end users with historical and instantaneous data on request. A test run of the measurement system was performed and has shown that the measurement stations can function in their design capacity. The system shows great promise in use in internal monitoring of industrial plants both as a precautionary measure for worker health and safety and as an easily modifiable sound monitoring platform in the industry 4.0 standard.

We achieved a CT(ozone concentration(ppm) X exposure time(min) )value of 60, which can inactivate coronavirus from 1/10 to 1/100 by operating for 24 h at an appropriate ozone concentration (less than 0.1 ppm) using feedback control in the previous report. In this system, the only way to reduce the ozone concentration is the decomposition reaction of ozone in the natural world, and it was not possible to cope with the rapid increase in ozone. In this study, we investigated the reduction of ozone concentration using hydrogen. As a result, it was clarified that the concentration of ozone rapidly decreased even with about 1/100 of hydrogen’s explosion limit (about 4%).

Using the Sigfox network, one of LPWA (Low Power Wide Area), and the Internet, we developed a temperature, humidity, pressure, and Internet of Things devices with different sensors to measure various physical data. It is much simpler to work with weather data when using OpenWeatherMap’s widely recognizable weather products. In this study, OpenWeatherMap’s meteorological data were captured every 15 minutes using are Sigfox communication, which is one of LPWA. These data were transferred to ThingSpeak using MATLAB analysis and time control of ThingSpeak.

The idea of creating and using digital twins has been strongly influenced by the process of integrating artificial intelligence methods with big data analytics of data from Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The concept of “Digital Twin” has become increasingly influential and culminating in the field of CPS. The main objective of the study is to define the basic requirements to the digital twins for cyber-physical system and based on the different definitions and components of digital twins, to summarize and analyze approaches, methods and tools used for their development. This analysis should serve as a basis for the development of a methodology for creating digital twins for cyber-physical manufacturing systems in the process industry.

An integrated smart home system for monitoring and management of the elements of the working environment or at home in Home Assistant platform and is integrated with a voice assistant (Google Assistant) has been developed. It allows monitoring and control of various parameters of the environment, determination of geolocation, tracking the state of the connected devices, provides ascertainment of conditions or constraints during the implementation of logical algorithms or actions, etc. The developed integrated system solves the problem of using various interface applications, communication protocols and standards by integration of all its elements in one Application Programming Interface (API) and simultaneously expanding its scope through integration with a voice assistant (Google Assistant). The development of a dataset of interoperable rules integrated in the Smart Home/Office system should be done function by function. This paper is directed toward the sequential development of integrated remote-control Smart Home/Office systems by adding additional functionality to the already developed integrated system.

The advancement in Information and communication technologies has created conditions for using these technologies in many applications including the industry ones. Robotics has been traditionally present in industries, especially in manufacturing. Development of cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence, smart sensors, Internet of Things, and other relevant technologies enabled certain transformation in the field of robotics which resulted in new robotics concepts that lead towards smart factories and fulfilment of Industry 4.0 requirements. This paper deals with some of these concepts such as cloud robotics, Internet of Robotics Things and collaborative robotics giving their main characteristics and possibilities of application in Industry 4.0 domain.

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept is evolving rapidly and influencing new developments in various application domains, such as the Internet of Mobile Things (IoMT), Autonomous Internet of Things (A-IoT), Autonomous Sys-tem of Things (ASoT), Internet of Autonomous Things (IoAT), Internet of Things Clouds (IoT-C) and the Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT) etc. that are progressing/advancing by using IoT technology. Artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, machine learning, and swarm technologies will provide the next phase of development of IoT applications. In this paper, the areas of application of internets of robotics things are given.

Modern industry requires intelligent development of the product throughout its entire life cycle-from concept to recycling. These intelligent products (Smart Products) have information about their production processes, quality management, future application and recycling. They support active manufacturing processes (when will be produced, with what parameters, with what materials should be produced, when, what kind of modifications, etc.). Under these conditions the management of quality have to meet new requirements imposed by the fourth industrial revolution is discussed in this article.