International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Water scarcity is a global phenomenon and is described as a marked decrease in precipitation, relative to the historical average, over a period of time. The negative consequences of drought are far worse than the positive outcomes. The Konya Closed Basin (KCB), characterized by a semi-arid climate zone, has been among the worst-affected regions in the last several decades. There have been reports of surface water bodies (e.g., Beyşehir Lake, Altınapa Dam) in the KCB declining in water levels. There has been a sustainable supply of water over the last two years of the drought period, and in the case of Beyşehir Lake and Altınapa Dam, which are the two largest surface water storage bodies on the Konya Plain, the water levels have fallen below usable levels, causing larger implications for the agricultural settings and aquatic environment. Therefore, increasing reliance on groundwater supplies has steadily worsened aquifer depletion and general declines in well yields across the KCB. In particular, excessive groundwater use has led to the formation of many sinkholes across the KCB, with a higher incidence of occurrence in the Konya-Karapınar district, termed the desert of Türkiye. After experiencing recurrent and severe drought conditions, agricultural farmers growing high water-consuming crops like alfalfa, maize, and sugar beet on their farming systems often showed higher economic returns on these crops, so that these farmers selected to grow these crops rather than consider the issue of water availability. Thus, financial mechanisms need to be established to incentivize the production of cereals with low water demand to relieve drought-related pressures. Moreover, it is also important for soil protection to convert land to drought-resistant crops, shrubs, and trees. Lastly, large-scale application of pressurized irrigation techniques, particularly using sprinklers and drip irrigation, is necessary to improve water use efficiency under constrained conditions.

Currently Uzbekistan has widely adopted drip irrigation systems on large-scale agricultural lands (1-100 hectares or more), and smaller plots cultivated by households and individuals for essential food production often lack this technology. To address this disparity, a novel mobile drip irrigation system incorporating photovoltaic panels has been engineered. This integrated solution is self-sufficient, requiring no external power source, and offers versatility suitable for both rural and urban settings. Its mobility allows for easy deployment on small plots (up to 1 hectare) commonly used for household gardens, suburban areas, and greenhouses. The integration of photovoltaic panel complexes with low-pressure mobile drip irrigation systems holds significant potential for ensuring a dependable water supply to agricultural crops. This innovative technology is particularly well-suited for regions facing water scarcity, such as Uzbekistan, Central Asia, and other arid zones globally, enabling sustainable agriculture practices even in the context of climate change.

The article presents the results of a study of the conditions for further improvement and development of high-tech agricultural production in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to define conceptual approaches to the technical and technological modernization of the agro-industrial complex as a key element of sustainable development of the real sector of Ukraine’s economy and strategic directions of research in agricultural science. The study found that in the context of inevitable climate change, the basis for the formation of highly automated agriculture will be flexible environmentally friendly technological processes in agricultural production, built on fundamentally new technical and technological principles, namely: intellectualization, digitalization, integrated automation and robotization. A concept for the development of high-tech agricultural production in Ukraine based on the principles of sustainable development and the innovative concept of Industry 4.0 was also developed, which will ensure high and sustainable economic growth of the agro-industrial complex, development of domestic agricultural engineering and related sectors of the economy. The strategic tasks for agricultural science in the development of the technical and technological base of highly automated agricultural production are outlined. The study of modern trends in the development of economies of advanced countries and their effectiveness give grounds to assert that the identified strategic directions of technical and technological modernization of the agricultural sector will be the basis for the formation of an effective model for the development of high-tech agro-industrial climate-oriented production in Ukraine.

The article discusses the designs of small-scale mechanization technical means that are used in Georgia, namely, agricultural machinery installed on moto blocks, the scale and advantages of their use compared to powerful machinery and based on a patent (No. AP 2020 15395), completely new combined aggregate is presented as part of a moto block, which is currently in demand in the context of the development of modern technologies for growing crops on the market. In particular, in small areas and greenhouses. The article proposes a constructive description of the presented combined aggregate and the principles of its operation. Theoretical waste was also carried out using similarity and dimensionality theories. The functional relationship between the optimization parameters and the operating factors is determined and the regression equation is selected, on the basis of which the optimal operating modes are determined.

Promising energy technology means for controlled traffic farming are wide span tractor (vehicles). The effectiveness of the practical use of wide span tractor (vehicles) depends on a sound scientific base or theoretical frameworks, concerning the study of their technological properties. The article presents the theoretical basis of the dynamics of plane-parallel movement wide span tractor (vehicles) in the horizontal and vertical plane as well as its cornering. Developed the theory of plane-parallel movement wide span tractor (vehicle) allows for the justification of new schemes, design parameters and operating modes with acceptable controllability and stability of motion in the horizontal plane. Ride wide span tractor (vehicles), as a dynamical system, moving through the traces of permanent tramlines significantly depends on the characteristics of the irregularities of the longitudinal profile. The desired character of the internal structure of the longitudinal profile laid tramlines is almost possible to obtain the appropriate technology for its formation. Quality testing of dynamic system input perturbations, which are irregularities of the longitudinal profile permanent tramlines and the unevenness of the traction resistance of the soil, depends on the scheme and the constructive and other settings wide span tractor (vehicles). A significant impact on thesmoothness of the latter renders the rigidity of the tire support wheels, the magnitude of which can be influenced, within certain limits, by changing the air pressure in them. Improve driving dynamics the technological part of the wide span tractor (vehicles) is observed by increasing the rigidity of the tire its supporting wheels and operating mass. The offered new scheme of the turn of a wide span tractor (vehicle) for controlled traffic farming on the turning strip by turning the undercarriage, using the steerable wheels from its one board around the turning centre arranged in the centre of the space between the wheels from the other board, allows shifting of the tractor, simultaneously with the turn, to the next operating position with better kinematic parameters. In addition to it, the improvement of the turnability characteristics is achieved at such a design embodiment of the wide span tractor (vehicle) when the relation of its wheelbase to the width of the wheeltrack is as small as possible.

The purpose of this study is to indicate the competitive side of the Bulgarian rural areas and municipalities until 2021 and in the long run and in parallel to derive their real competitive advantages within the EU after the pandemic of COV19.

The geographical distribution of plants in ecosystems and the limits of agronomic extention of plants cultivated in different areas are conditioned by the performance and climatic variabilities of these areas.The biological and productive behavior of plants in agricultural systems is determined by climate performance in general and in particular by the two main climatic parameters, temperature and precipitation.Their significant fluctuations, conditioned in recent years by climate change, are evident in the form of risky for agriculture such as prolonged droughts, severe shortages of rainfall, high summer temperatures in the form of heat waves, which further brings the effect of agronomic drought. In the thermal minimums, expressed in the form of frosts, there are observed fluctuations changes creating deviations from the average perennial performance of their occurrence. The study of thermal fluctuations, and in particular the study of the phenomenon of drought and its consequences, it is an important problem especially in areas with high agricultural character. Drought occurs when there is a shortage of rainfall for long periods, registering as a pluviometric deficit. Occurrence variations of this phenomenon are related to the rainfall cycle, but they should be considered in relation to potential climate change, especially in the Mediterranean basin where Albania is located. The study of climate variability and the identification of extreme climate phenomenas as well as the determination of thermal and pluviometric limits can be done through climate monitoring indicators. Albania’s western lowland area and particulary the Vlora area, which is under consideration on this study, is an agricultural area with a great diversity of cropping cultivations. Analyzing the climate behavior of this area will enable the design of suitable cultivation technologies as well as taking measures to minimize the damages to crop production from these factors.

Agricultural labor is physically demanding, tedious and often carried out in unfavorable conditions, making it suitable for robotization. Due to climate change and the swift increase of the human populace on Earth, the hunger is becoming increasingly an issue (currently, around 2 billion people suffer from malnourishment). With the aim of maximal efficiency of the production of plant food, an accelerated introduction of robotics in the field of agriculture is required (Agriculture 4.0).

World ecosystems are confronted with multiple challenges related to the global change drivers, namely, population growth, climate change, land use change, urbanization, invasive species, and interactions between these. Intensified land management practices implemented with the primary aim to increase the land productivity, may have severe adverse effects on soil and water quality. In the Nordic-Baltic region, both agriculture and forestry have high economic importance and long traditions, and currently intensive management is applied in both these sectors. Even though regulatory framework for soil and water protection exists, the management practices have to be extended beyond simple compliance with the regulations in order to secure holistic approach to the land management. Therefore, several collaboration projects with Nordic-Baltic partnership in forestry and agriculture sectors have been implemented during recent years to test nature-based solutions for soil and water protection.

Content of this thesis is to introduce information system and its use to support decision making in the selected farm. In this thesis we looked at using information system AgroCont the company ISAT, Ltd. the holding OVD – orchards association Dvory nad Žitavou. Agricultural enterprises have to keep the required documentation on the activities on land and know it thoroughly in accordance with European Union legislation introduced in regulations of Slovak republic. Using individual modules of the system we created in-house analysis outputs. The subsequent evaluation of the information we have proposed possible solutions and changes that may be helpful for better decision making, more efficient use of labor and machinery, but also for cost savings in normal operation. In conclusion, we evaluated output, which are designed to analyze the machinery and we have proposed measures and possible changes.

Technological innovations and radical products that drive the whole world forward can sometimes have an impact on different areas than planned. The drones ‘ positive impact on innovative agriculture has yet to be manifested in the stages of land and seed preparation. Advanced drone technology enables realistic 3D maps to be created, leading to soil analysis and seed development. Drones successfully manage the seed planting process in the soil. Furthermore, thanks to advanced imaging techniques and special thermal sensors, which part of the field needs water and where nutrients need to be supplemented easily can be determined.

The article substantiates the urgency of the eco-anthropogenic component of national security both of the state as a whole and of its regions. The types of interaction between society and the environment are determined. It is suggested to consider the ecosystem as a complex combination of flora, fauna and dynamics of natural systems and processes, which interacts with social institutions and power structures. The concept of environmental imbalance is formulated as a real threat to the disruption of life support mechanisms and the creation of obstacles to the economic and social development of the country, improving the quality of life of the population. The main threats to the technogenic security of the country are identified.