International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

The agricultural machines become more and more complex and complicated systems aimed to produce cheaper and plenty of agricultural products. The modern farmers uses computer technology and equipment not only for monitoring and analysis of the financial results from his activity, but also for expert assessment of yields, state of soil, crops, animals, machinery, product parameters, climatic conditions. Being acquainted with the principles of operation, structure, parameters and modes of adjustment and work with such electronic systems is becoming an obligatory part of the training of agricultural production experts.

The main physical soil properties are considered highly important for soil fertility. Measuring only 4 indicators taken from the soil samples and by using physical equations can determine valuable results for the soil physical properties. To facilitate the analysis a develop software could help.

Cover crops (green manure) brings not only immediate advantages like slowing erosion, suppressing weed growth, improving soil structure, increasing nutrients and water content and hindering some pests but also long term ones like decreasing erоsion, air pollution, investment in mineral fertilizers and herbicides and increasing microbiological activity. The paper gives examples of good practices both for whole and row-crop grains. It also suggest a useful crop rotation for a period of five years.

The main physical soil properties are considered highly important for soil fertility. Measuring soil moisture, in-depth soil hardness and soil density can help in choosing an appropriate soil tillage method. The paper shows a practical handbook, which can be used with addition to soil moisture meter and a hardness meter to reach these conclusions. The selection of the tillage method is done by using a paper disk, provided in the handbook, showing good tillage practices.

There are significant benefits to be gained from reduced and no-tillage in connection to soil protection policies but the unique requrements of such practices create the need for seed drills capable of matching these requirements. It is necessary to reach a quantative representation of the effectiveness of different brands of seed drills in order to chose a suitable drill for the task. The seed drill’s efficiency can be judged after the biological and economic risks of its usage have been evaluated. This paper shows a method which uses the technical data of the seed drill and reaches a cumulative grade to evatuate the biological risk and also an existing software which compares and evaluates the economic risk for a chosen seed drill compared to Cross Slot seed drill. Combining the two types of risk evaluation lets us chose the best type of seed drill for seeding in reduced tillage.

The paper discusses the gradual transition from conventional tillage through reduced tillage to no-tillage while creating favourable conditions for increase of organic matter. The paper suggests crop and tillage method rotation for a period of five years in order to facilitate this transition. It also reviews tests of soil physical properties which can help farmers determine how their soils are changing and what effect the change of tillage method has on them.

The degradation of soils is due to a combination of factors. One of them is the annual deep plowing. In this way the soil is left exposed to the vagaries of nature for a few months. Precipitation presented by the rain drops and their energy, destroys the soil structure and activates anthropogenic erosion processes. With intensive tillage, involving reversing of the plow layer, a number of processes are initiated, leading to oxidizing and burning of organic matter and, hence, to its continuous decrease. The extensive use of large quantities of mineral fertilizers and the additional commercialization of crop rotation also have a negative effect in the form of soil degradation. With the purpose of reducing the number of passages of tractor units on the field surface, a new type of tillage is proposed, without reversal of the plow layer, but with retaining a large part of the plant residue on the surface instead.

Почвата, като природна даденост е продукт на продължителни и изключително сложни процеси, протичащи в продължение на хиляди години (за 100-150години се образува почвен слой с дебелина около 1cm). Стопанското значение на почвата се определя от нейната обобщена характеристика плодородие, което представлява способността ѝ да снабдява растенията с необходимите хранителни вещества, вода и въздух. Плодородието на почвата зависи от нейното състояние, което количествено се изразява чрез свойствата ѝ порьозност, плътност и влажност. Изменението на тези свойства се дължи на структурния ѝ строеж и на въздействията на които тя е подложена. В резултат от прилагането на съвременното интензивно земеделие, при което земеделските земи повсеместно са подложени на прекомерна експлоатация почвите деградират, което се отразява неблагоприятно както на техните свойства,така и на отглежданите на тях култури.

За изследване на сложни обекти, каквато се явява и почвата е целесъобразно да се прилагат принципите и методите от теорията на експеримента. Правилното им прилагане дава възможност да се получи картина на процесите и явленията, които протичат в почвата много близка до реалната.

Sieves as mechanical separators are primarily means of separating the grain size mixtures which are subject to cleaning or sorting. Commonly used sieves with flat working surface and oscillated movement. Regardless of their design, however, the separation process has a probabilistic nature and on the length of the separating bodies are most accurately describes the exponential dependence.

Separation capability, respectively quality performance of the mechanical separators are characterized respectively by the coefficient of separation 𝜇𝜇 and completeness (effect) of splitting (𝜀). Each of these features may depend on many factors, but it was found that the most х strongly influenced by the length of the separator ‘s body. In its essence, the coefficient 𝜇𝜇 expresses the probability of screening a single х grain particle moves through in a length unit.

The change in the coefficient of separation with separators having equal work areas do not necessarily lead to a change in the quality of their work. This can be explained by the fact that, under equal operating conditions the change of the length does not change their surface area, and this means a constant specified load and accordingly the same effect on the separation. From this standpoint, the coefficient of separation and the effect of separation can be justified based on the design parameters of the separator, which determine the working area.

The article analyzes the work of the section laying biodegradable tape embedded in it seeds and studied overshoot depth of laying the tape depending on the forward speed of the machine unit and different depths of sowing method of measuring the depth and statistical methods for processing data obtained from the experiments.

Harvesting of oil seed rape and avoiding of big grain losses require specific adjustments of the machine. The basic level of grain machine losses comes from the entrance device (header) added the losses from the following up devices in accordance of the applying technological scheme. The mean feature for each device is its exponential character, which means, that they are very sensitive to the parameter changes, from which they depends on. By suitable prescription of the technological adjustments and adequate selection of the machine type those losses can be reduced below the agritechnical requirements.

Harvesting of oil seed rape and avoiding of big grain losses require specific adjustments of the machine. The basic level of grain machine losses comes from the entrance device (header) added the losses from the following up devices in accordance of the applying technological scheme. To reduce the seed losses into the harvester it is recommended to operate with the header in accordance with the rotor or hybrid type thresher-separator device.