International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

To establish the influence of irrigation and mineral regime on the growth index of tomatoes, the irrigation and fertilization schedules of three genotypes of tomatoes grown in an unheated steel and glass greenhouse in an experimental field of MVCRI – Plovdiv, Bulgaria, were examined. Environmentally friendly and water-saving irrigation techniques were used. Different irrigation rates were applied starting from full satisfaction of the crop water requirements to irrigation and with 25% reduction and 25% increase in irrigation rates and three fertilization rates respectively – optimum with 25% reduction and 50% increase.
After processing the results, the growth index showed an increase in the irrigation rate by 25% above the optimum growth in all three tomato cultivars included in the experiment. At the same time, no such relationship was observed when the fertilization rates were changed. The exception was the cultivar ‘Hayet,’ in which a decrease in fertilizer rate was also associated with a higher growth index, close to that of the optimum fertilizer regime. At the same time, the combination of increasing or decreasing the irrigation rate and fertilization did not have a positive effect on growth.

In 2020 – 2021, on the territory of the experimental field “Chelopechene” of ISSAPP “N. Poushkarov” an experimental trial was conducted with three varieties of apple plantations, the Florina variety, Zlatna Prevazhodna and Granny Smith, created in 2017. The soil in the research area is leached Cinnamon forest. Three variants of different varieties of apples were studied – T1 – variety Florina, T2 – variety Zlatna Prevazhodna and – T3 – variety Granny Smith under irrigation conditions with maintenance of pre-irrigation humidity 70% of the FC. In terms of precipitation, both years are very dry with a guarantee of 95.67% (2020) and 94.07% (2021). For 2020 on average, during the vegetation period of the apple plantation in the infancy period, to maintain the soil moisture in the range of 70% of FC to 100% of FC, it was necessary to apply 10 watering rates with an irrigation rate of 380 mm, and for 2021. 12 watering cans with an irrigation rate of 510 mm. During the years under review, different yields from the apple plantations were established. The highest yield was found in Florina variety, which was 431% higher compared to Granny Smith variety in third variant T3
Main objective: Establishing the most favorable variety of apples (from three different varieties) grown on leached Cinnamon forest soil for
the Kremikovtsi region under different water-saving technologies.

In this article, the authors consider the main aspects of climate change`s impact on economical efficiency of leguminous crops production and perspectives in Kazakhstan. It is worth noting that climate change has an impact on the instability of leguminous crops and leads to a decrease in the production efficiency. Ultimately, all of the above determines the relevance and significance of this topic.

The deficit of the irrigation water requires irrigation technologies of more efficient water use. For cucumbers the most suitable is the drip irrigation. For establish the appropriate irrigation schedule of cucumbers under the soil and climate conditions in the village of Chelopechene, near Sofia city, research was conducted with drip irrigation adopting varying irrigation schedules – from fully meeting the daily crops water requirements cucumbers to reduced depths with 20% and 40%. Have been established irrigation schedule, irrigation water productivity and yields of in plastic unheated greenhouses of the Sofia plant.

The paper presents a technical and economic background to the need for modernization of modern tractors and combines. The presented method allows forecasting the demand for modernization of equipment. It allows to develop the program of action to improve the quality of machines, assess their real potential, develop of strategic and operational planning for the development of modernization, organize activities of the technical service. This article proposes a method for determining the demand for modernization of agricultural machinery in technical, repair and technical enterprises, based on the analysis of statistical and expert data characterizing their influence on the demand for research. It is justified that repair company must confidently organize an active advertising campaign to promote modernized machines to the market.

Drip irrigation provides a fairly even mode of moisture in the soil and, along with this, favorable air, heat, microbiology and nutrition. As a result, there is an increase in yields and an improvement in the quality of production.
In order to determine the impact of drip irrigation, on the size of the yield and the economic indicators, in the cultivation of raspberries in the soil and meteorological conditions of the area of the village of Chelopechene – Sofia researches of an everbearing variety “Lyulin” were carried out. Various options have been tested – from fully satisfying the daily needs of the culture by water, irrigation with 20% and 40% irrigation norms to non- irrigating conditions.
The results obtained in years with different security of meteorological factors show that the drip irrigation of raspberries has a positive effect on the economic indicators of its cultivation, the costs of creating the raspberry crop, the irrigation system and the cultivation of the crop are redeemed for two or three years.

The increasing water deficit requires studies to optimize irrigation regimes and water-saving technologies to achieve economy of irrigation water at an acceptable yield level.
In order to establish the irrigation regime in the field of “Chelopechene” Experimental Field, Sofia, there have been researches, examining different regimes – from full satisfaction of the daily needs of culture for water to irrigation with reduced by 20% and 40% water application rates.
On average, over the survey period, the highest yields were obtained with the irrigated wit 100% water applicatipn rate. Reducing the irrigation rate leads to a corresponding reduction in yields and affects the quality of production. The application of regimes of irrigation with reduced iwater applicatipn rates is recommended  only in the case of water deficiency.

A Polish experience with 10 hybrids of sunflower field was made on the Chelopechene Field, Sofia, on cinnamon forest soil. Sunflower hybrids are grown under non-irrigating conditions and under irrigation conditions with drip irrigation and microwaving.

The meteorological conditions during the study period determined the number of irrigations and the size of the irrigation and irrigation norms of the culture.

It has been found that the yields obtained under irrigation conditions are higher than 13 to 46%, with drip irrigation giving better results than sprinkling.

The Maritsa, San Luka and A58xC23 hybrids have been shown to be suitable for growing in non-irrigated conditions, while the hybrids "Vokil", "Michaela" and "Maritsa" hybrids are irrigated.

To determine the irrigation water productivity for raspberries during their cultivation in the soil-meteorological conditions of the area of the village of Chelopechene – Sofia, studies have been carried out with drip irrigation of a plantation with the variety "Lyulin". Various regimes have been studied – from full satisfaction of the daily needs of the culture to water, to irrigation with 20% and 40% reduction in irrigation regulations.

The meteorological conditions during the study period determined the number of irrigations and the size of the irrigation and irrigation norms of the culture.

On average, over the survey period, the highest yields were obtained with the watered with 100% irrigation norm option. The increase in yields resulting from the irrigation is about three times the non-irrigated option in surface drip irrigation.

The highest irrigation water productivity of 4.3 kg of raspberries per cubic meter of water is obtained in variants irrigated with a 40% reduced irrigation rate.

The scientific problem of this study is the justification of the expediency of combining the technological operations of sowing cereals and applying the main and starting doses of mineral fertilizers when using a combined machine and tractor unit (aggregate). During the research there were used methods of conducting field experiments using standard equipment. During the planned experiments there were used correlation methods and methods of numerical calculations on a PC. The comparative studies of the quality of barley sowing with basic and modernized fertilizer-sowing units showed the following values of qualitative indicators. So, the coefficient of seed depth variation of the base unit was – 8.2%, and the combined (modernized) unit – 4.7%; The uniformity of seed distribution along the length of the line for the basic unit is – 63.8%, for the modernized unit – 84.9%; Field germination of seeds when sowing the basic unit is 80.4%, modernized – 87.4%. Thus, when using the combined fertilizer-seeding unit, the uniformity of seed distribution along the length of the string will be substantially increased. At the same time, the field germination of seeds will increase, and the coefficient of variation in the depth of seed placement in the furrow will decrease. Based on the results of field experimental studies, an increase in the yield of spring wheat and barley was found in the application of a combined fertilizer-seed aggregate with the simultaneous introduction of a basic fertilizer-seeded fertilizer into the soil and sowing of cereals with the application of a starting dose of mineral fertilizer in comparison with the known schemes of such operations. The obtained results confirm the expediency of combining these technological operations with one pass of the combined machine-tractor unit (aggregate).

The objective of the present study was to determine of effect of humic acid application and different foliar application of vermicompost extract and vermiwash on yield and yield components of safflower under using different levels of humic acid application in soil. A field experiment was conducted at the Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design. Treatments were included soil application of humic fertilizer (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 kg.ha^-1) and foliar spraying of vermiwash 1:10, vermiwash 1:20, compost tea and distilled a water as control. Seeds were hand-sewn with density of 40 plants m^-2 and a depth of 5 cm with row spacing of 50 cm. The plots were irrigated after 70 mm cumulative evaporation from standard evaporation pan class A and irrigation amount was based on soil moisture depletion. Seed yield and number of heads were determined by harvesting 10 plant at random from the four central rows at physiological maturity stage. Seed yield in each plot measured with 14% humidity. Number of seeds per heads was determined by measuring 30 heads at random from 10 randomized harvested plants. Analyses were performed with a personal computer using the MSTATC software. A factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for all parameters. Results showed that humic fertilizer significantly affected head number, seed number, 1000 seed weight and seed yield of safflower, however there was no effect on branch number. The highest grain yield (5822.1 kg.ha^-1) obtained in 1500 kg humic. Foliar spraying significantly effect on branch number and the highest yield (4858 kg.ha^-1) was obtained by spraying of compost tea.

Rice, as the main food produced in Asia, requires more water than the other cereals. Flooded irrigation, the most common method of irrigation in rice, results high water losses and emits more greenhouse gases. Changes in climate, decrease in water resources and arable lands, necessitates the water productivity increasing strategies for rice. Soil matric potential based irrigation is such a strategy to irrigate rice under these conditions. This paper presents an experiment carried out inside a climate chamber to assess the water productivity of Bg300 rice variety using above approach. Three irrigation treatments; flooded treatment with a ponding water depth of 3cm and treatments with soil matric potentials at -150mbar and -300mbar were imposed in three large containers. Soil matric potentials were maintained using tensiometers installed at a depth of 20cm. Treatment at -150mbar showed best performance in terms of yield, water productivity and water savings. This strategy is transferable to a wide range of locations under different climates and reduces time for many field experiments.