International Scientific Journals
of Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry 4.0"

Green energy (GE) is a type of renewable energy (RE) that is obtained from natural sources that are constantly renewed and do not pollute the environment or do so minimally. The main green energy sources (GES), which are considered the cleanest forms of energy or types of renewable energy sources (RES), are wind, water, sun and earth. While the world, particularly in the most developed countries, has made significant progress in adopting and applying the various forms of green energy (GE), in Georgia this field is in its initial stage and it is not possible to predict when the first major positive developments will be made. Currently, more than 10% of the world’s primary energy consumption comes from green energy (GE) technologies, namely: hydropower with approximately 5.1%, followed by wind power with 2.5%, solar power with 1.5% and other types of green energy with 0.9%. The development of cheap, dominant and fast-growing technologies and the development of cheap, intelligent and smart green energy generators and systems will ensure the increase of all types of green energy (GE) in the future. The paper provides a brief review of the historical development of different types of green energy systems, (GES) with a special focus on the historical development of wind turbines (WT). It also provides an review and analysis of several types of intelligent and smart green energy systems (GES), which include: Internet of Things (IoT), intelligent and smart sensors and other components of systems.

The main sources of green energy (GE), considered as the cleanest forms of energy or types of renewable energy sources (RES), are wind, water, sun, and earth. While the world, particularly in the most developed countries, has made significant progress in adopting and applying the various forms of green energy (GE), in Georgia this field is in its initial stage and it is not possible to predict when the first major positive developments will be made. This paper presents an analysis of total energy supply (TES) and domestic energy production (DEP) in Georgia for the period 2000-2023. The value of the continuous annual growth rate (CAGR) in Georgia for this period for TES is increased by 3.10 [%] and for DEP is decreased by -0,21 [%] and cumulative growth index (CGI) for TES is increased by 201.63 [%] and for DEP is decreased by 95,34 [%].

The main sources of green energy (GE) as the cleanest form of energy or types of renewable energy sources (RES) are: wind, water, sun and earth. And solar energy (SE), which originates from the Sun, is one of the cleanest and most efficient renewable energy sources (RES). While the world, especially in the most developed countries of the world, has advanced far in the application of various forms of green energy (GE), in Georgia this field is in its infancy and it is not possible to predict when the first major positive developments in this field will be made. The paper presents a trend analysis and examples of the use of solar energy (SE) in Georgia currently and with a forecast until 2030. According to the data on the plans of the state authorities (Ministry of Economy and Ministry of Energy of Georgia), the development and use of solar energy (SE) with a plan of 250 MW for 2025 will increase according to the forecast for 2030 to 810 MW, with a CAGR value of 26,51 [%] and to 1330 [MW] in 2040, with a CAGR index of 11,79 [%] for that period. (or app. 5.32 times today’s value). The paper also presents several examples of the use of solar energy (SE) in Georgia in various areas of application.

This study investigates the energy characteristics of products (ginger and strawberry) dried using electrohydrodynamic (EHD), hot air (HA), and their combination (EHD+HA) methods. Drying performance was evaluated based on energy consumption and energy efficiency parameters. From the results, EHD

The main sources of green energy (GE), considered as the cleanest forms of energy or types of renewable energy sources (RES), are wind, water, sun, and earth. While the world, particularly in the most developed countries, has made significant progress in adopting and applying the various forms of green energy (GE), in Georgia this field is in its initial stage and it is not possible to predict when the first major positive developments will be made. This paper presents an analysis of total energy supply (TES) in Georgia for the period 2000-2021. The value of the continuous annual growth rate (CAGR) for TES in Georgia for this period is 7.23.

The main sources of green energy (GE) as the cleanest form of energy or types of renewable energy sources (RES) are: wind, water, sun and earth. While the world, especially in the most developed countries of the world, has advanced far in the application of various forms of green energy (GE), in Georgia this field is in its infancy and it is not possible to predict when the first major positive developments in this field will be made. The paper presents the forecast and trend analysis of the use of green energy (GE) in Georgia until 2040. According to the data on the plans of the state authorities of Georgia for the development and use of various forms of green energy (GE), the highest forecast growth of the development of these types of energy is expected in the field of wind energy (WE) until 2025 with a value of
CAGR of 154.82 [%].

The development of energy in our country is one of the good examples, thanks to which it can be claimed that Bulgaria is growing into an industrial country. The study of the stages in this development shows a different attitude towards this industry during the first half of the previous century and then, until the end of the socialist period. Until the middle of the century, energy was extremely underestimated as an area on which the general industrial growth depended, it was neglected financially as a secondary area, for which the differences remained from investments in other directions. A quite natural consequence of this was the weak technical training of the intelligentsia and the inability to develop its own energy production, which led to technological dependence on more developed countries. After the middle of the century, a reversal is noticeable, thanks to which the negative trends are abandoned. There are results that speak for the prioritization of
energy policy.
In addition to being singled out as a separate industry, the energy industry also robs the largest capital funds. The leading understanding is that without the development of energy, there would be no development at all. Undoubtedly, Bulgaria’s great achievements in engineering, metallurgy, transport and other industrial sectors would not have been possible without the successful development of the Bulgarian energy industry.

Wind, water, earth and fire, according to ancient philosophy, are the basic elements of the entire cosmos, with the help of which the existence of all things on planet earth is realized. Three (wind, water and earth) of these four basic elements represent renewable energy sources (RES), and in that sense also sources of green energy (GE). While the world, especially in the most developed countries of the world, has advanced far in the application of various forms of green energy, in Georgia this field is in its infancy and it cannot be predicted when the first major positive developments in this field will be made. The paper provides a basic division of sources (forms) of energy, taking into account the possibility of depletion over time, as well as examples of efficient application of hybrid green energy systems, for converting energy, primarily wind and sun, into electrical energy. Thus, the development and application of hybrid green energy systems, from a scientific and industrial point of view, will be one of the main goals in the future.

The use of renewable sources for energy purposes is very important from the global environmental perspective. Biomass is part of this group of fuels. This article focuses on the characteristics of wet biomass, a typical fuel source in the Albanian rural areas and not only. Thus, the most significant factor of biomass combustion is its moisture content in natural conditions. This property significantly influences the burning quality of biomass. Drying of this fuel using conventional methods or energy intensity processes aims to decrease the moisture content in biomass and meantime increase of its calorific value. The techniques of drying wet biomass vary significantly. Energy utilization of wet biomass is the main goal of this paper, considering it an important fuel source especially during winter season in Albanian rural areas. The variation of heating value to moisture content and other significant parameters have been investigated.

Solar energy has a great potential in Albania. The use of hybrid photovoltaic – thermal (PV/T) systems has shown an impressive progress in recent years. PV/T system can produce electricity and thermal energy simultaneously. In this paper, a 200 W PV/T system is introduced using water as cooling fluid, in order to regulate the temperature increase of the photovoltaic panels. The heat is collected via working fluid in a water tank. This study analyses the energy generation of this experimental setup, and aims to provide some accurate information in future developments and implementation of this technology in Albania. Coupling of PV/T system with heat pumps in buildings to meet the energy requirements could be of great interest for Albania’s energy consumers

Handling with municipal solid waste nowadays is becoming a global challenge. Albania is facing equally this issue. Although, in recent years a considerable progress has been achieved, still the country is lagging behind the EU states. In generally, the overall progress is slow and the requirements set by the policy and legal framework are not met. However, in recent years in Albania there are some developments related to solve the waste treatment dilemma. Thus, the government chose the public-private partnership model to operate in this field. Therefore currently in Albania are proposed three waste firing plants, placed in Elbasan and Tirana, central Albania and Fier,
southwest of the country. The Elbasan waste to energy plant is in operation since June 2017. Another plant in Fier is projected to start operation soon. This article aims to optimize a 5.5 MWe waste to energy plant in the Albanian conditions. Parametric design of thermodynamic properties of the WtE plant based Rankine cycle model are presented in this study. Optimization of plant efficiency in relation to extraction pressure and feed-water temperature is some of the outputs of this study.

In the paper, the current situation in the production of crop growing by-products in Ukraine is examined. The potential output of crop growing by-products in various regions of Ukraine, part of which could be allocated for energy production, is determined. The fuel properties of the main types of biomass are presented. The state-of-the-art approaches to the use of straw and plant residues in agriculture are analysed. The possible ways of utilising straw and plant residues in crop growing for maintaining and regenerating the fertility of soils, in livestock husbandry as bedding and a supplement to coarse fodders and in heat power industry as an energy source for the production of thermal power are established. The state-of-the-art technologies and machinery for the rational use of straw and plant residues are described. The need for additional research into what plant residues and what quantities of them can be reasonably used for the fertilisation of soils, taking into account the saturation of the crop rotation systems with cereal crops, the limitation of the phytopathogenic load on grain varieties, the development of weeds, the management of the soil’s nitrogen status under different soil and climate conditions.